PHYSICS: The Constants, old and new

The fundamental constants which Planck proposed are based upon the physics of free space rather than any contrived unit of measure are:

Name                    Symbol            Value                   SI unit                         Space-Time unit

Planck constant         h         1.054 x 10^-34                J.s                                  t²/s (inertia)

Coulomb constant     k_e       1.054 x 10⁹                 kg m³ s^-2 C^-2                    t/s² (voltage, force)

Boltzmann's constant k_B       1.380 x 10^-23              J K^-1                                t/s (elec.chg,energy)

Speed of light           c          2.997 x 10⁸                 m/s                                  s/t (speed)

Gravitational constant G       6.67 x 10^-11                 m³ kg^-1 s^-2                      s⁶/t⁵ ( makes no sense)

(a) The Planck constant, is known as the 'quantum of action' which means that it is the smallest quantity of (vectorial) motion which can be applied to a mass. There is no further division of that 'action' into smaller parts, which is what the word 'quantum' implies. The space-time unit for h is t²/s, which is the unit for inertia and at magnitude 10^-34 is extremely small and at the level affecting fundamental particles. The Planck constant links Energy to Frequency, (E = hυ), in S-T units t/s = t²/s x 1/t = t/s ; Frequency to the Speed of light, (υ = c/λ) in S-T units 1/t = s/t x 1/s = 1/t ; Wavelength to Momentum, ( λ = h/p) in S-T units s = t²/s / t²/s² = t²/s x s²/t² = s. The S-T units are again entirely consistent with the SI units.

(b) The Coulomb constant is the 'quantum voltage' which applies between charges on fundamental particles such as the electron or positron. (The electron can exist without an electric charge, s, within a conductor and in that case may carry magnetic charge, s².) The charge can exist without the electron when it is a 'static' charge, perhaps attached to an atom, which does not move through the conductor. Synthetic clothing is a good example. Charge is described as a 'scalar motion' which can attach to a particle. It is the charge 'motion' which moves through a conductor as a current rather than the particle. An electron cannot 'escape' from a conductor unless it carries a charge, which enables it to move through space. The charge gives the electron the ability to move through space either within or from a conductor. The space-time unit for C is t/s² which is volts.

(c) The Boltzmann constant relates to the laws of thermodynamics, and is the 'quantum energy' relating to the motion of atoms and molecules which is manifested as heat, or temperature in degrees Kelvin. The space-time unit for k_B is t/s which is energy.

(d) The Speed of Light is the maximum limit to velocity which can be achieved by a particle possessing mass or momentum. It is the constant which relates mass to its energy equivalent. The constant c has the space-time unit s/t which is speed. For further observations on c refer below.

(e) The Gravitational constant relates the acceleration between two masses which is powered by the gravitational field. It is calculated from scientific observation and applies not as a fundamental quantity. The fundamental underlying equation is F = ma, where the 'a' equals Gm'/r². G relates the observed results to the fundamental equation. G has no space-time units which make sense.

Three of these constants define 'quantum quantities' which means the smallest possible amount ( h, C, k_B) The fourth defines the maximum limit (c). The only anomaly in Planck's five constants is G which probably does not belong there. That error arises from science's long history of misconception of the nature of gravity. It may be more appropriate to instead include the quantum of matter which, from Table 1 is 'ts' (= st) or what is presently known as the 'up-quark', if Table 1 has correctly identified the 'ts' particle. This has yet to be confirmed.

The Derivation of Frequency Constants

The above discussion of the Constants and the quantum physics equations, much of which can be credited to Max Planck's work, open further consideration of the electro-magnetic-gravity relationship and where they belong in the electromagnetic radiation spectrum. As far as is known by this author, there has not been a consideration that these fields may have a frequency. The highest known frequencies are associated with gamma radiation, which is of the order of 10²⁵ Hz. The current electro-magnetic spectrum does not look beyond gamma radiation.

The equations relevant are E_nergy = mc², E = hυ, υ = c/λ and λ = h/ρ. The Space-Time (S-T) units (Table 1) can be used to confirm the validity of the equations used to calculate the Frequency Constants. The three fields compared are the electric (E) field, the magnetic (B) field and the gravity (g) field.

                                   E field                              B field                                g field

Equation                   E_field = 1/mc²                     B_field = 1/mc                          g_field = 1/m

                                       = 1/hυ                                = c/hυ                                  = c²/hυ

S-T unit            s/t = (t³/s³ x s²/t²)^-1 = s/t    s²/t² = (t³/s³ x s/t)^-1 = s²/t²     s³/t³ = (t³/s³)^-1 = s³/t³ equations check    = (t²/s x 1/t)^-1 = s/t                 = s/t (t²/s x 1/t)^-1 = s²/t²        = s²/t²(t²/s 1/t)^-1 = s³/t³

All correct

Sub value for h,c E = 1/hυ = 1/1.054x10^-34υ B = c/hυ = 3x10⁸/1.054x10^-34υ g= c²/hυ = 9x10¹⁶/1.054x10^-34υ

              Eυ = 9.487x10³³ = K_E          Bυ = 2.846 x10⁴² = K_B            gυ = 8.538 x 10⁵⁰ = K_g

The constants allow the calculation of the frequency and wavelength of, for example the gravitational fields of the Earth and the Sun, which vary with the gravitational field strength.

Freq'cy υ_{g earth} = K_g /g_earth = 8.538x10⁵⁰/ 9.8 = 8.712x10⁴⁹Hz and Wavelength λ_{g earth} = 3.443x10^-42 m.

υ_{g sun} = K_g /g_sun = 8.538x10⁵⁰/ 274 = 3.116x10⁴⁸Hz and wavelength λ_{g sun} = 9.646x10^-41 m.

The mathematics indicate that the smaller the acceleration of matter through the gravity field, the higher the the frequency of the gravity field, and therefore the higher the energy of the gravity field. This counter-intuitive result supports the validity of the equation mg = 1. It is a high mass charge which increases matter acceleration, not a high gravity field value. The constant K_g underlies a (variable) gravitation frequency many orders of magnitude higher than gamma radiation. This may help explain the large reach of the gravity field compared to the other fields, given also that the gravity field is scalar motion (speed, s/t) in three degrees of freedom, the x, y and z axes. These do not denote a position in space, but denote an orientation relationship between the axes relative to each other.