Physics: Information Codes and Space-Time

 

M.J.Bull 2017

Paper 9

(3176 words)

Abstract: This Paper 9 explores the form of 'information' as it relates to the cosmos based upon prior work with space-time (S-T) units of measure which have been developed in the previous 8 Papers by this author. (The experimental and mathematical bases for S-T units are contained in Paper 1, 'Mass, Gravity and Unity'.) The Quantum of Electric Charge as Capacitance as it relates to the Quantum of Length, the Fine Structure Constant and the influence of Gravity are explored to ascertain the possible effect on the geometry and nature of space-time as well as the behaviour of Time itself.

1. Introduction

2. Space-Time Ratios Quantum Tables 1 (a) and (b)

3. Information

4. Geometry

5. Space-Time Products and Ratios Table 2

6. Variation of S_q when expressed as Electric Quantity (Capacitance)

Conclusion: If Einstein's proposition that the speed of light, c, is a constant is correct, then the quantum of time, T_q varies as the quantum of space, S_q varies. Therefore the value of the electric charge, e, is the quantity which controls the space to time ratio through the fine structure 'constant',α where α = e² / 4πε₀ hc. Where c is constant it is the ratio S_q : T_q which is constant, rather than the quantum values of S_q and T_q . This Paper provides some evidence that there is no known quantity which has an absolute value, but the ratio of space to time, S/T, is the constant in the cosmos.

1. Introduction

Much of the prior work by this author has examined the space-time (S-T) ratios, which together define the quantities of physics for which there are quantum values, such as velocity, acceleration, inertia and energy for example. Those ratios are readily derived from quantities usually expressed in SI units of measure, the MKS system, (refer Paper 1 Appendix 2). For example velocity equals distance divided by time and this is expressed in S-T units as S/T. Similarly acceleration is S/T².

It was further found that these quantities of physics called ratios could be classified further into two groups, the Motions and the Energies. The Motions have the S-T raios S^x/T^y while the Energies have the reciprocal form, T^y/S^x. The Motions can be expressed directly as SI units of measure because SI units use the form metres /second, S/T. The Energies use the form seconds / metre, T/S, which does not have an equivalent in SI units and requires conversion to the equivalent value, most usually a factor of approximately 10¹⁸.

The experimental evidence for the validity of S-T units is recorded in Paper 1, Sections 10, 11 and 12, where the mass of both liquid and solid objects were experimentally decreased and increased, and the changes in mass were found to be permanent. These experimental results support the author's mathematics and indicate the relationship between electric, magnetic and mass energies.

Papers 2 and 3 further developed the considerations of S-T units, including the use of quantum values. It was discovered that the basis for all quantum values was the quantum of distance, S_q , and the quantum of time, T_q . It was, for example, found that S_q / T_q equals the speed of light,c, exactly. Therefore c is not a fundamental constant, but the result of the quanta of distance and time. Similarly, inertia was explored in Paper 1 Section 1, and found to be the mathematical reciprocal of acceleration. When converted to SI units, the quantum of inertia equals the Planck constant, h. Therefore h is not a fundamental constant, but the result of S_q and T_q . The ratio for inertia, ί, is T²/S.

It was found that the Motions and the Energies both contain minimum and maximum quantum values. For example the Motion velocity has a maximum quantum value which equals c. The Energy inertia has a minimum quantum value which equals h after conversion to SI units.

The prior work outlined above suggests there may be more to be deduced from S-T ratios.

2. Space-Time Ratios Quantum Tables 1 (a) and (b)

Table of Motions                                                                                                          Contraction of Space

S4/T4 m4/s4 c4 = 8.077596x 1034	S4/T3 m4/s3 sc3 4.354684x 10-9	S4/T2 m4/s2 s2c2 2.347635x 10-53	S4/T m4/s s3c 1.265625x 10-96	S4 ? 6.823062x 10-140 m4	↑ S4
S3/T4 m3/s4 c3/t 4.997898x 1069	S3/T3 mass current gravity c3 = m3/sec3 = 2.694398x 1025	S3/T2 m3/s2 sc2 1.452565x 10-18	S3/T m3/s (cumecs) s2c 7.830923x 10-62	S3 volume 4.221672x 10-105 m3	S3
S2/T4 m2/s4 c2/t2 3.092377x 10104	S2/T3 m2/s3 c2/t 1.667120x 1061	S2/T2 magnetic current c2 = m2/sec2 = 8.957548x 1016	S2/T m2/s sc (= Gί = 1/F ) 4.845242x 10-27	S2 area 2.612099x 10-70 m2	S2
S/T4 ? c/t3 = 1.914383x 10138 m/s4	S/T3 change of acceleration Δa c/t2 = 1.031505x 1095 m/s3	S/T2 acceleration, Δv c/t = 5.560912 x 1051 m/s2	S/T kinetic motion, velocity electric current c = m/sec = 2.997924x108 m/s	S length, electric quantity Q as capacitance C (coulomb) Sq = 1.616199x 10-35 m Quantum of length	S1
1/T4 ? 1.183866x 10174 ←	1/T3 ? 6.385696x 10129 Expansion	1/T2 ? 3.440734x 1087 of Time	1/T frequency (Hz) 1.854921x 1043	Minimum Values MOTION Maximum Values	S0
← T - 4	T - 3	T - 2	T - 1	T0	O

Table of Energies

O	T0	T1	T2	T3	T4 →
S0	Maximum Values ENERGY Minimum Values	T time (sec) Tq = 5.391063x 10-44 Quantum of time	T2 Contraction 2.906356x 10-87	T3 of Time 1.566833x 10-131	T4 → 8.446895x 10-175
S-1	1/S power =VI (t/s2 x s/t) 6.187356x 1034	T/S potential energy electric charge Q sec/m 1/c =3.335643x 10-9	T2/S inertia ί t/c = s2/m 1.798266 x 10-52	T3/S moment of inertia t2/c = s3/m 9.694554x 10-97	T4/S ? t3/c 5.226395x 10-140
S-2	1/S2 ? 3.828338x 1071	T/S2 force, electric potential V 1/cs = sec/m2 2.063880x 1026	T2/S2 momentum magnetic energy sec2/m2 electric resistivity σ 1/c2 = 1.12265x 10-17	T3/S2 ? t/c2 5.998367x 10-62	T4/S2 ? t2/c2 3.233758x 10-105
S-3	1/S3 ? 2.368729x 10106	T/S3 elect field intensity E 1/cs2 = sec/m3 1.276998x 1061	T2/S3 electric resistance R magnetic potential 1/c2s 6.884371x 1017	T3/S3 mass energy quantum = 1/c3 sec3/m3 3.711404x 10-26	T4/S3 ? t/c3 2.000841x 10-70
S-4 ↓	1/S4 ? 1.465617x 10141	T/S4 pressure (sec/m4) (1/cs3 = force/m2, energy/ m3) 7.890828x 1095	T2/S4 magnetic intensity H 1/c2s2 4.253995x 1052	T3/S4 mag resistance μ 1/c3s 2.296378x 108	T4/S4 ? 1/c4 1.237992x 10-35

Expansion of Space

3. Information

It has been proposed by physicists that one of the factors which constitute part of the universe is 'information'. (It is distinct from the interpretation of information, which requires a consciousness, and is often referred to as 'the observer'.)

If that is so, where is information stored and in what form is it stored?

Most are familiar with the method used by a computer to store information, being the use of 1's and 0's to make code for a 'bit', a 'byte' and multiples thereof as a method of storing information.

The Tables above represent a store of information. They use the quanta of distance and time to do the same thing as a computer uses 1's and 0's to do. S_q and T_q define all of the physical quanta. It is true that not all of the quantities are yet understood by science. The code for the gravity field, for example, is S³/T³, while S³/T² is not yet understood, but its mathematical reciprocal, T²/S³ , is understood as electric resistance, R (or as magnetic potential). These codes are not limited to 3D space which appears to make up the physical world's frame of reference.

The colour codes in the Tables above define values representing quantum minima and maxima as the two shades of yellow; the dimensions of space in the green shades; the dimensions of time and frequency in the pink shades; and blue represents the axes of the Tables. These colours are added to make the relationships between the quantities clearer than would the numerical values or codes only. The codes do make clear the mathematical reciprocity between the Motions and Energies.

The Tables above also indicate that which is not known to science and even provide a quantum value for that unknown. In so doing they are also predictive.The mathematics and information codes proceed beyond 3D space into dimensions which cannot be perceived by science, which does not at all make the mathematics or codes invalid.

4. Geometry

There has been considerable discussion among physicists regarding the fabric and geometry of 'empty' space as well as attempts to define time itself.

Space: The Tables above point to some answers about these subjects. Given the parameter imposed by the quantum of distance, S_q , it also defines the quanta of area and of volume, 2.612099 x 10^-70 m² and 4.221672 x 10^-105 m³ respectively. It is thought, for example, that the diameter of a proton, through experimental evidence, may be less than S_q . If so, it may be that a proton diameter is not defined by S_q . (This may be an alternative to the dead end conclusion that it should not exist because it is smaller than S_q .) It may be that the quarks which constitute a proton are themselves a loop of energy and as such do not occupy a volume for which there must be a diameter. A 'virtual' particle is not considered to occupy a finite volume of space, but rather has an energetic value.

Time: Similarly, the parameter imposed by the quantum of time, T_q , means that the motion of the universe is pixelated, not unlike a movie frame. The time between each pixel (or frame) is T_q. Time therefore exists as non-continuous. It is a group of pixels (and perhaps a closed loop). The 'future' may influence the 'past' just as an observer sees the 'past' can and does influence the 'future'. All of time's pixels are present within the universe now.The question to be answered should be “why does our interpretation of time see only the 'present', and memorizes only the 'past' ?”

In Paper 2 an hypothesis was advanced which looked at matter being coded the product of S_q and T_q . While this is not inconsistent with S_q and T_q as the bearers of 'information', at the time this author was not able to advance mathematical or experimental proof to support the hypothesis.

There is a considerable body of evidence supporting the S-T ratios but not yet the S-T products.

If the hypothesis is that matter is defined by S-T products, then the complete picture of S-T ratios and products would appear as in the Table 2 below. Note that Matter and Anti-Matter (the products) are mathematically reciprocal, as are the Motions and Energies (the ratios). The fundamental particles and anti-particles of the Standard Model fit neatly into 4x4 matrices with reciprocal values and are part of the same 'information' matrix as the S-T ratios. 'Information' may define matter as well as energy and motion.

5. Space-Time Products and Ratios – Table 2

               MOTION (ratio)                       SPACE CONTRACTION            MATTER (product)

S4/T4 ?	S4/T3 ?	S4/T2 ?	S4/T ?	S4 ?	↑ S4	S4 ?	TS4 gluon	T2S4 photon	T3S4 Z-boson	T4S4 W-boson
S3/T4 ?	S3/T3 mass current GRAVITY	S3/T2 ?	S3/T ?	S3 volume	S3	S3 volume	TS3 top quark	T2S3 bottom quark	T3S3 tau	T4S3 tau neutrino
S2/T4 ?	S2/T3 ?	S2/T2 magnetic current	S2/T ?	S2 area	S2	S2 area	TS2 charm quark	T2S2 strange quark	T3S2 muon	T4S2 muon neutrino
S/T4 ?	S/T3 Δ accel,	S/T2 Δ speed, accel.	S/T speed, elec current	S capacitance quantum of length	S1	S capacitance quantum of length	TS up quark	T2S down quark	T3S electron	T4S electron neutrino
1/T4 ? ←	1/T3 ? expansion	1/T2 ? of time	1/T frequency	S0/T0 = 1 Unity MOTION	S0	T0 S0 = 1 Unity MATTER	T quantum of time	T2 ? contraction	T3 ? of time	T4 ? →
← T - 4	T - 3	T - 2	T - 1	T0	O	T0	T1	T2	T3	T4 →
1/T4 ?	1/T3 ?	1/T2 ?	1/T frequency	1/T0 S0 = 1 Unity ANTI-MATTER	S0	T0/S0 = 1 Unity ENERGY	T quantum of time	T2 ?	T3 ?	T4 ?
1/T4S anti electron neutrino	1/T3S anti electron (positron)	1/T2S anti down quark	1/TS anti up quark	1/S power	S-1	1/S power	T/S energy electric energy	T2/S inertia	T3/S moment of inertia	T4/S ?
1/T4S2 anti muon neutrino	1/T3S2 anti muon	1/T2S2 anti strange quark	1/TS2 anti charm quark	1/S2 ?	S-2	1/S2 ?	T/S2 force, elect potential V	T2/S2 momentum magnetic energy elec resistivity σ	T3/S2 ?	T4/S2 ?
1/T4S3 anti tau neutrino	1/T3S3 anti tau	1/T2S3 anti bottom quark	1/TS3 anti top quark	1/S3 ?	S-3	1/S3 ?	T/S3 elect field intensity E	T2/S3 elec resis R magnetic potential	T3/S3 MASS energy	T4/S3 ?
1/T4S4 anti W-boson	1/T3S4 anti Z-boson	1/T2S4 anti photon	1/TS4 anti gluon	1/S4 ?	S-4 ↓	1/S4 ?	T/S4 pressure	T2/S4 magnetic intensity H	T3/S4 mag resist μ	T4/S4 ?

         ANTI-MATTER (product)               SPACE EXPANSION                   ENERGY (ratio)

6. Variation of S_q when expressed as Electric Quantity (Capacitance)

From the Table 1 (a) it can be seen that the quantum of distance, S_q , has the same spatial dimension as capacitance, C. (There is detailed discussion by D.B.Larson of the use and misuse of charge, Q, and capacitance, C, in Paper 1, Appendix 2.) A relevant section is shown below:

“....Identification of the space-time dimensions of electrostatic quantities, those involving

electric charge, is complicated by the fact that in present-day physical thought electric charge is not distinguished from electrical quantity. As we have seen, electric quantity is dimensionally equivalent to space, s. On the other hand, we can deduce from the points brought out (in the same article) that electric charge is a one-dimensional analogue of mass, and is therefore dimensionally equivalent to energy. This can be verified by consideration of the relations involving electric field intensity, symbol E. In terms of charge, the electric field intensity is given by the expression

E = Q/s² . But the field intensity is defined as force per unit distance, and its space-time dimensions are therefore t/s² × 1/s = t/s³. Applying these dimensions to the equation E = Q/s² , we obtain

Q = Es² = t/s³ × s² = t/s. (t/s is the code for energy)

As long as the two different quantities that are called by the same name are used separately, their

practical application is not affected, but confusion is introduced into the theoretical treatment of the

phenomena that are involved. For instance in the relations involving capacitance (symbol C),

Q = t/s in the basic equation C = Q/V ( V = voltage t/s² ) = t/s × s²/t = s.The conclusion that capacitance is dimensionally equivalent to space, s, is confirmed observationally, as the capacitance can be calculated from geometrical measurements....”

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From C = Q/V, a variation in Q causes a variation in C.

If one were to vary the value of the electric charge, it would also vary S_q , which has the same S-T code as capacitance, C. The implications of varying S_q are considerable.

Following is an extract of an analysis from Professor Fran De Aquino from the Maranhao State University in Brazil:

“.... The well-known Fine Structure Constant determines the strength of the electromagnetic field and is expressed by the following equation (in SI units):

α = e² / 4πε₀ hc = 1/ 137.035999958

However, recently, Webb, J.K et al., using data of the Very Large Telescope (VLT) and of the ESO Science archive, noticed a small variation in the value of α in several distant galaxies. This led to the conclusion that α is not a constant. It can be shown mathematically that variations in the value of the elementary electric charge, e, can occur under specific conditions, consequently producing variations in the value of α....”

References cited by De Aquino

[1] P. J. Mohr, and B. N. Taylor, (2000) Rev. Mod. Phys., 72, 351

[2] Webb, J.K. et al., (2011) Phys. Rev. Lett., 107, 191101.

[3] King, J.A. et al., “Spatial variation in the fine structure constant- new results from VLT/UVES” to be published.

[4] Koch, F. E. et al., “Spatial variation in the fine structure constant- a search for systematic effects” to be published.

[5] De Aquino, F. (2010) Mathematical Foundations of the Relativistic Theory of Quantum Gravity, Pacific Journal of Science and Technology, 11(1), pp. 173-232.

[6] M.J. Moran and H.N. Shapiro (2000), Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, Wiley, 4th Ed.

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Those specific conditions relate to a variation in the volume and internal temperature of a charge carrying particle caused by a variation in the strength of the gravity field as found adjacent to a large mass such as a black hole. (Variation of the G-field and its differentiation from acceleration, g, is examined in Paper 8, Section 8 by this author.)

According to De Aquino, the strong gravitational compression in the region a 'white hole' decreases the volumes of the particles, decreasing the values of α . The strong traction (stretching) upon the particles in the region of a 'black hole' increases their volumes, increasing the value of e, C and α .

When the value of the electric charge, e, causes a variation in the fine structure constant, α, caused by a variation in the G-field, then the S-T dimensional equivalent, S_q , is also altered through its S-T code equivalence with capacitance, C.

The conclusion that it is the value of the electric charge, which may ultimately determine the Planck length, is a clue to the reality of the structure of space-time. It means that the Planck length is itself a variable.

The value of the electric charge may be considered the fundamental which gives space-time its structure through the Planck length, and that structure is variable in different parts of the cosmos. The conundrum of lengths numerically shorter than S_q , such as the proton diameter mentioned above, is further avoided when S_q is variable.

Does Planck time vary with Planck length so that the ratio between them remains constant?

If Einstein's proposition that c is a constant is correct, then T_q varies as S_q varies and therefore the value of the electric charge, e, is the quantity which controls the space : time ratio. Where c is constant it is the ratio S : T which is constant, rather than the absolute values of S_q and T_q .

From the above it would appear that there is no known quantity which has an absolute value, but the ratio of space : time, S/T, is constant in the cosmos. The reciprocity between mass and the G-field allows a variation in the value of the G-field as discussed in Paper 8, and this is consistent with De Aquino's mathematics and the observations of Webb et.al that e and hence α are varied by the G-field in extreme conditions of gravitational compression or traction upon a charge carrying particle.