Mathematics of the Universe

MATHEMATICAL REPRESENTATION OF THE UNIVERSE FROM ITS ORIGIN

M.J.Bull 2013

Table 1

                                         MATTER            space expansion ---->       VISIBLE UNIVERSE

0	s0	s	s2	s3	s4	1/s	1/s2	1/s3	1/s4
t 0	s 0 t 0 singularity BANG	s length, electric quantity, capacitance	s 2 area	s 3 volume	s 4 ?	1/s power	1/s2 ?	1/s3 ?	1/s4 ?
t	t time	t s up quark	t s2 charm quark	t s3 top quark	t s4 gluon	t/s energy, work EMF	t/s2 force voltage	t/s3 elect field intensity	t/s4 pressure
t2	t 2 ?	t 2 s down quark	t 2s2 strange quark	t 2s3 bottom quark	t 2s4 photon	t 2/s inertia	t 2/s 2 momentum MMF	t 2/s 3 resistance, magnetic potential	t 2/s 4 magnetic field intensity
t3	t 3 ?	t 3s electron	t 3s2 muon	t 3s3 tau	t 3s4 Z-boson	t 3/s moment of inertia	t 3/s2 ?	t 3/s3 mass	t 3/s4 magnetic permeability (μ)
t4	t 4 ?	t 4s electron nutrino	t 4s2 muon nutrino	t 4s3 tau nutrino	t 4s4 W-boson	t 4/s ?	t 4/s2 ?	t 4/s3 ?	t 4/s4 mass current (?)
1/t	1/t ?	s/t speed elec.current	s 2/t Hawking radiation	s 3/t ?	s 4/t ?	1/ ts	1/ ts2	1/ ts3	1/ ts4
1/t2	1/t2 ?	s/t2 acceleration (change in speed)	s 2/t2 magnetic current	s 3/t2 ?	s 4/t2 ?	1/ t2s	1/ t2s2	1/ t2s3	1/ t2s4
1/t3	1/t3 ?	s/t3 change in acceleration	s 2/t3 ?	s 3/t3 gravity	s 4/t3 ?	1/ t3s	1/ t3s2	1/ t3s3	1/ t3s4
1/t4	1/t4 ?	s/t4 ?	s 2/t4 ?	s 3/t4 ?	s 4/t4 ?	1/ t4s	1/ t4s2	1/ t4s3	1/ t4s4

↓Time expansion          VISIBLE UNIVERSE                                          ANTI – MATTER

There is much information in this Table which can be scientifically proven beyond reasonable doubt, such

as the three degrees of freedom of mass and its manifestation of electric force, EMF, ( t/s) and magnetic force, MMF, (t²/s²) when one of its degrees of freedom is opposed in direction by a unit of space moving through the mass. That unit of space is electric quantity, (s), as outlined in a previous paper by this author. The physics of the entire electric power industry are based on this.

There is also much information in Table 1, such as that regarding the fundamental particles, which cannot at this point be proven. That is based upon an intuitive logic presented by the direction of the mathematics as a whole, rather than by the parts, but is not a rigorous proof.

Notes onTable 1

Development of the Universe

(1) Following the expansion of space and time from the singularity, known as the 'big bang', the universe appears to have developed in two separate ways from a mathematical perspective of space and time interaction.

(a) Firstly, the fundamental particles, which in various combinations constitute all of the atomic particles, are the mathematical product of space and time, that is, tⁿ sⁿ. Also to note is that the fundamental particles are contained within the boundaries of the visible universe (in Table 1 coloured in pale yellow). The anti-matter particles have two boundaries adjoining the visible universe and two boundaries which do not. This may point to an explanation as to why in our visible universe anti-matter is less abundant than matter.

The Gauge Bosons have in common s⁴.

The Leptons have in common t³ and t⁴.

The Quarks have in common t and t².

It is not clear where the recently found Higgs boson fits into this model.

(b) Secondly, the visible universe, of which all things familiar to us including ourselves, is constituted from a mathematical ratio of space and time, that is, tⁿ / sⁿ, or vice versa.

The section of the visible universe defined by t/s contains mass, while the section defined by s/t contains gravity. These two phenomena are reciprocal and when multiplied equal 1, mg = 1. The mathematics indicate this to be the case for all of the equivalent elements for t/s and s/t. For example t/s (work or energy) x s/t (velocity) equal 1. It is noted that at present less is understood about the s/t or gravity sector than the t/s or mass sector. Mainstream science has yet to understand the nature of mass and gravity and their relationship to each other. The fundamental space-time measurement units of known quantities clarify their true nature and relationship to each other. Max Planck first pointed out that our units of measure are mostly contrived and he proposed measurement based on the physics of free space, which still stand as valid. The units of space-time used above are easily and consistently verifiable from simple SI units, including that of mass and gravity, and give greater clarity to the understanding of various phenomena (refer previous paper).

(2) The difference in the mathematics between the fundamental particles and the visible universe may point to an explanation for the baffling difference in the behaviour of Quantum physics and Newtonian or Einsteinian physics. The fundamental difference may be that of st and s/t. The photon and electron are familiar interacting with the s/t universe as carriers of energy between space-times, and the function of some of the other particles has yet to be found.

Mass and Gravity

(3) A consequence of the reciprocity between Mass and Gravity that is mathematically, mg = 1, is that the corollary to this simple equation is that if mass approaches infinity then gravity approaches zero and vice versa. In a region of large mass, such as the centre of the galaxy or a black hole, the acceleration applied to the mass is increased and at the same time gravity is reduced. If one looks at the space-time units, gravity is s³/t³, and acceleration is s/t². If the s/t² (acceleration) is elevated then the residual is s²/t, (which combined make s³/t³ gravity) is also elevated. The unit s²/t does not have its own identity, but is the reciprocal of force. It is probably that which is known as Hawking radiation. If both acceleration and Hawking radiation are elevated, then gravity is reduced by those amounts in that region of high mass. The equation mg = 1 holds as valid. The reason it seems to be counter intuitive is that of the misconception that gravity and acceleration are the same thing. In SI units, acceleration is measured in N/kg or m/s², gravity is measured in kg^-1. The acceleration unit N/kg can be written N.kg^-1 which is Force x Gravity. In Newtonian physics,    F = ma and also F = a/g from the reciprocal relationship between mass and gravity.

(4) The inverse scenario is a region with a very small quantity of mass. In this region of space-time the equation mg = 1 indicates that gravity is high. As t³/s³ (mass) is small, then s³/t³ (gravity) is high because their product equals 1. This is likely the reason that regions of so called 'dark matter' have a high input to gravitational effects. The dark matter will likely be found not to exist at all because it is not mass which generates gravity. It is, in fact, the lack of mass. Dark matter and Dark energy are man made inventions to explain a deficit in comprehension of the true nature of mass and gravity.

Time

(5) Time is a more difficult quantity to envisage than is space. It is not difficult to understand the concept of length, width and depth with space because they are visible to us. To use an analogy, it is difficult for a camera to discern depth when it needs to see it in two space dimension when there are three. The only way the camera can accomplish this is to reduce the length and width of the object to keep its two dimensional perspective relative to its surroundings. In the case of time, which we cannot envisage at all, it is difficult to accept that it also has dimensions equivalent to space, at least in a mathematical sense. The evidence for this lies in the space-time units which measure quantities which we can see, feel and understand. For example, acceleration has one space dimension and two time dimensions, s/t², but we have no difficulty comprehending acceleration. The t² part on its own leaves a comprehension deficit.

A study of Table 1 indicates that time is an energetic fundamental. In the Mass t/s section of the Table, it can be seen that the t is the numerator in the ratio. The energy content rises as the power of t rises. Mass, t³/s³ is more energetic than MMF, t²/s², which in turn is more energetic than EMF, t/s. The variation in energy between each is denoted by the constant, c, which is a large number (3 x 10⁸). The energy level between each of these is mc and between mass and emf it is mc² as Einstein famously pointed out. On the other hand in the Gravity s/t section, t is the denominator, so that equivalent progression between electric current (field) through magnetic current (field) to gravitational field shows a large reduction in field strength per unit volume. These observations give some concept of the energy that time has, without the need to visualize it.