Physics - THE NATURE OF TIME

The Nature of Time

Paper 5

M.J. Bull 2015

Abstract

An exploration through mathematics of the nature of Time and its relationship to other physical quantities, including its role in higher dimensions.

Contents

1. Introduction

2. Verification of the Equation for Time using Quantum Values

3. The Dimensions of Time

4. Time and Inertia

5. Time and Space

6. Table of Space-Time Units

Related prior Papers ( Paper 1, detailing the experiments, mathematics and theory can be found in the blog titled 'New Physics - The Relationship between Gravity, Mass, Magnetism and Electricity' at michaeljbull.blogspot.com or published at http://independent.academia.edu/MichaelBull1 as a downloadable PDF file under the author's name, titled “Mass, Gravity and Unity”. Paper 2, is titled 'Complex Space-Time' Paper 3, titled 'Quantified and Quantum Space-Time', Paper 4, titled 'Dark Energy – The Invisible Energy of the Cosmos' and are published as detailed above for Paper 1.)

Summary

Time does not have meaning without Space, and as such is not on its own a meaningful entity, at least not within the current conceptual capability of humans.

1. Introduction

It is often seen in current mainstream physics thought, the concept of the fourth dimension being synonymous with Time. To this author's knowledge there is no published basis for this assumption supported by research and experiment. The concept of time in the preceding Papers 1 to 4 by this author support the concept of Time as being the same as Space in its dimensions, and along with space, constituting space-time. Time's interaction with space creates the ratios which represent the quantities of physics (refer to the Table of Space-Time Units in section 6).

2. Verification of the Equation for Time, using Quantum Values.

The equation derived in Paper 1, section 2, being a Newtonian type equation for Time is

t = √ ( m r / F ) and is consistent with space-time units of measurement. That equation can be further reduced to a simpler form involving distance (r) and inertia (ί) using Newton's second law of motion and the derivation of the correct unit of measure for inertia (refer Paper 1, section 1) by this author.

t = √ ( mr/ ma)

  = ( r/a)^½

  = (r ί)^½

which in English says Time equals the square root of (distance times inertia).

To check that this equation is correct, quantum values, ( _q ), can be inserted for each algebraic letter and calculations done to ensure that the result is numerically correct. All units of measure must be consistent and the quanta in space-time units of measure have been previously calculated in Paper 3, Table of Energies and Table of Motions.

In space time units, the above equation is written

T_q = ( S_q x ί_q )^½

      = ( 1.616199 x 10^-35 x 1.798266 x 10^-54 )^½

      = ( 2.906356 x 10^-89 )^½

      = ( 29.06356 x 10^-88 )^½

      = 5.391063 x 10^-44 sec.

      = T_q , exactly as calculated by Planck as the quantum of Time.

The above proves beyond reasonable doubt that the equation for Time is correct, and also that this author's interpretation of Inertia is correct. Note that Inertia is an energy quite different to Mass energy, contrary to its treatment in many physics text books currently in use.

3. The Dimensions of Time

The Table of Space-Time Units of Measure (section 6) , itself verifiable from SI units of measure (Paper 1, Appendix 2), clearly shows that Time transitions, along with Space, into at least the three dimensions which can be perceived by humans. It is demonstrated by velocity, a linear or orbital one dimensional Motion, S/T; through magnetic current (B-field), S²/T², a quantity relating to area (S² ) in two dimensions; to gravity (G-field), S³/T³, a quantity relating to volume (S³ ) in three dimensions. The Energies have a similar relationship to Time in its 3 dimensions demonstrated by Energy T/S, Magnetic Energy T²/S² to Mass Energy T³/S³. The relationship between the three-dimensional energies and motions is orthogonal and means that in SI units of measure, Mass = Energy³ which Einstein originally pointed out in his own notation, being E = mc². The mathematics suggest that Time, along with Space, proceeds through higher dimensions which modern humans, in the main, do not perceive or recognise. Observation beyond three dimensions is therefore limited, but mathematics does not experience those limitations and indicate that Time and Space exist beyond the third dimension by logical extension.

4. Time and Inertia

The verification of the Time / Inertia equation in 2. above allows an analysis of that equation to become more than just speculation. The equation is easier to consider if the form T² = S ί is used to avoid square roots. The obvious is that ί = T²/S, which is the space-time unit of measure for inertia. The space-time measure is not only a unit of measure, it defines inertia numerically. The second is S = T²/ ί , which states that length (or distance) is a function of time and inertia. As inertia is reciprocal to acceleration, this equation can be written S = a T² which is confirmed by the similar Newtonian equation S = u T + ½ a T², where u is initial velocity. If initial velocity were zero then the two equations are the same if the constant of integration, ½ , is ignored. This is further evidence that the energy (inertia), and the motion (acceleration), are reciprocal, as stated in Paper 1, section 1.

It is not intuitively obvious that either inertia or mass are energies, which may be why current physics does not recognize that it is so and has no credible explanation for either quantity. The mathematically closely related magnetic energy from a permanent magnet is readily observable as an energy and is the two dimensional analogue of mass energy.

5. Time and Space

While most have no trouble conceptualizing Space, that is not the case for Time. It appears to most as something invisible which passes in only one direction and defines physical change, such as age, speed, entropy or order, for example. Time is far more than these concepts, and at the same time it is less. Time, without Space, has no comprehensible meaning of itself, but with Space it defines everything, including, for example, motion and energy. It may be that a phenomenon represented by Time of itself remains yet to be discovered.

Space, however, has a meaning of itself without Time as exemplified by the electric charge which has the S-T unit of S.  A charge moving through a conductor is a case of Space moving through Matter, which is mathematically the same as Matter moving though Space.

The Table of Space-Time (section 6) shows the role of Space-Time in up to four dimensions. It is known that the ratios of Time to Space and Space to Time define the Energies and Motions of all known and unknown related quantities. (It is unproven whether or not the Space-Time products define the sub atomic particles, as Matter and Anti-matter.)

It is true that Time can be measured, but that measure is always related to a physical process which involves Space. The reciprocal of Time 1/T, which is frequency, is also a measure meaningless without relating it to Space. Frequency is often used as a measure of wave energy and in so doing relates to the energy which is defined by Time and Space, T/S. To clarify this concept, in the mechanical system an analogy is acceleration as a measure of the change in velocity, denoted S/T² which is velocity S/T times frequency 1/T which equals S/T². The 1/T is dependent upon the S in velocity to have meaning. To summarise the above, Time does not have meaning without Space, and as such is not on its own a meaningful entity, at least not within the current conceptual capability of humans.

6.

Table of Space-Time Units of Measure.

                      MOTION                           SPACE EXPANSION                         MATTER

S4/T4 ?	S4/T3 ?	S4/T2 ?	S4/T ?	S4 ?	↑ S4	S4 ?	TS4 gluon	T2S4 photon	T3S4 Z-boson	T4S4 W-boson
S3/T4 ?	S3/T3 mass current GRAVITY	S3/T2 ?	S3/T ?	S3 volume	S3	S3 volume	TS3 top quark	T2S3 bottom quark	T3S3 tau	T4S3 tau neutrino
S2/T4 ?	S2/T3 ?	S2/T2 magnetic current	S2/T ?	S2 area	S2	S2 area	TS2 charm quark	T2S2 strange quark	T3S2 muon	T4S2 muon neutrino
S/T4 ?	S/T3 Δ accel,	S/T2 Δ speed, accel.	S/T speed, elec current	S distance, elec charge capacitance C	S1	S distance, elec charge capacitance C	TS up quark	T2S down quark	T3S electron	T4S electron neutrino
1/T4 ? ←	1/T3 ? contraction	1/T2 ? of time	1/T frequency	S0/T0 = 1 Unity MOTION	S0	T0 S0 = 1 Unity MATTER	T time	T2 ? expansion	T3 ? of time	T4 ? →
← T - 4	T - 3	T - 2	T - 1	T0	O	T0	T1	T2	T3	T4 →
1/T4 ?	1/T3 ?	1/T2 ?	1/T frequency	1/T0 S0 = 1 Unity ANTI-MATTER	S0	T0/S0 = 1 Unity ENERGY	T time	T2 ?	T3 ?	T4 ?
1/T4S anti electron neutrino	1/T3S anti electron (positron)	1/T2S anti down quark	1/TS anti up quark	1/S power	S-1	1/S power	T/S energy electric energy	T2/S inertia	T3/S moment of inertia	T4/S ?
1/T4S2 anti muon neutrino	1/T3S2 anti muon	1/T2S2 anti strange quark	1/TS2 anti charm quark	1/S2 ?	S-2	1/S2 ?	T/S2 force, elect potential V	T2/S2 momentum magnetic energy elec resistivity σ	T3/S2 ?	T4/S2 ?
1/T4S3 anti tau neutrino	1/T3S3 anti tau	1/T2S3 anti bottom quark	1/TS3 anti top quark	1/S3 ?	S-3	1/S3 ?	T/S3 elect field intensity E	T2/S3 elec resis R magnetic potential	T3/S3 MASS energy	T4/S3 ?
1/T4S4 anti W-boson	1/T3S4 anti Z-boson	1/T2S4 anti photon	1/TS4 anti gluon	1/S4 ?	S-4 ↓	1/S4 ?	T/S4 pressure	T2/S4 magnetic intensity H	T3/S4 mag resist μ	T4/S4 ?

           ANTI – MATTER                    SPACE CONTRACTION                        ENERGY

Ratios marked ? are unknown to current physics and are predicted to exist as quantities yet to be defined and researched by science.

Dark Energy – The Invisible Energy of the Cosmos

Abstract

The mysterious Dark Energy which Physics requires to mathematically balance the calculations of the cosmos is indeed present. This paper explains what it is and where it is to be found.

Dark Energy – The Invisible Energy of the Cosmos

Paper 4

M.J. Bull 2015

Abstract

The mysterious Dark Energy which Physics requires to mathematically balance the calculations of the cosmos is indeed present. This paper explains what it is and where it is to be found.

Contents

1. Introduction

2. Frequency Constants

3. The G-field of varying Frequency and Wavelength

4. Interpretation of the Mathematics

5. Dark Energy

Summary

What is seen in current interpretations by physicists of (apparently) empty space is in fact the area of highest G-field energy, which has a lesser effect on the acceleration of a mass, and a greater effect upon the inertia of a mass. The misunderstanding of Inertia is the area of current physics which obscures the recognition and understanding of the huge reservoir of “missing” Dark Energy.

1. Introduction

The quantum physics equations and the variously derived constants, many of which can be credited to Max Planck's work, suggest that further consideration of the electric, magnetic and gravity fields, their inter-relationship, and exploration of where they belong in the electromagnetic radiation frequency spectrum may be illuminating.

[The mathematical and experimental proof of the E-M-G fields' connection is outlined in a previous paper (Paper 1) titled 'New Physics – The Relationship between Gravity, Mass, Magnetism and Electricity' to be found at michaeljbull.blogspot.com.au , or on independent.academia.edu/MichaelBull1, titled 'Mass, Gravity and Unity', researched and written by this author. Papers 2 and 3 are also to be found as outlined above and examine Space-Time itself.]

2. Frequency Constants

As far as is known by this author, there has not been any published scientific consideration that the E-M-G fields may have a frequency. The highest known frequencies are associated with gamma radiation, which is of the order of 10²⁵ Hz. The current electro-magnetic spectrum does not look beyond gamma radiation.

The equations relevant are E = mc², E = hυ, υ = c/λ and λ = h/ρ. These equations are quantum and relativistic in their physics and sourced from the work of Planck and Einstein.

(where h is value of the Planck constant, c is Speed of light constant, υ is the frequency, λ is the wavelength and ρ is the Planck density.)

The Space-Time (S-T) units of measure (refer Appendix 1 and 2 of Paper 1) can be used to confirm the validity of the equations used to calculate the following Frequency Constants. The three fields compared are the electric (E) field, the magnetic (B) field and the gravity (G) field. (Note that the G field and acceleration g are different)

                         E field                           B field                       G field

Equation        E _field = 1/mc²             B _field = 1/mc           G _field = 1/m

                                  = 1/hυ                            = c/hυ                        = c²/hυ

S-T unit                 s/t = (t³/s³ x s²/t²)^-1 = s/t           s²/t² = (t³/s³ x s/t)^-1 = s²/t²         s³/t³ = (t³/s³)^-1 = s³/t³

equations check        (t²/s x 1/t)^-1 = s/t                 =  s/t (t²/s x 1/t)^-1 = s²/t²           =  (t²/s x1/t)^-1 = s³/t³

All correct (Note the Planck Constant h, has the SI unit of measure Joule.sec., a unit of Inertia – refer Paper 1, section 1 and Paper 3, The Energies)

Substitute values for h and c

E = 1/hυ = 1/6.629x10^-34υ

B = c/hυ = 3x10⁸/6.629x10^-34υ

G= c²/hυ = 9x10¹⁶/6.629x10^-34υ

(where h is value of the Planck constant and c is Speed of light constant and υ is the frequency)

The algebra becomes

Eυ = 1.508 x10³³ = K_E          Bυ = 4.525 x10⁴¹ = K_B              Gυ = 1.357 x 10⁵⁰ = K_G

3. The G-field of varying Frequency and Wavelength

The above constants (K_{E, B and G}) allow the calculation of the frequency and wavelength of, for example, the gravitational fields of the Earth and the Sun, which vary with the gravitational field strength.

Frequency and Wavelength calculations

υ _{G earth} = K_G /g _earth = 1.357x10⁵⁰/ 9.8 = 1.384x10⁴⁹ Hz and wavelength λ _{G earth} = 4.613 x10^-40 m.

υ _{G sun} = K_G /g _sun = 1.357x10⁵⁰/ 274 = 4.952x10⁴⁷ Hz and wavelength λ _{G sun} = 6.058x10^-39 m.

A maths validity check of these equations is c = υ/λ, both equations approximate 3 x 10⁸ = c when rounding errors are ignored.

The Sun has a less energetic G field than the Earth, and a higher mass energy, and vice versa.

4. Interpretation of the Mathematics

The mathematics indicate that the smaller the acceleration of a mass through the gravity field, the higher the frequency of the gravity field, and therefore the higher the energy of the gravity field. This counter-intuitive result supports the validity of the equation Gm = 1 (or G = 1/m), and validates this author's interpretation of Inertia as an energy and its reciprocal, Acceleration, as a motion. That is observable in the gravitational vortex which is a galaxy, (but exceeds observation in the black hole at its centre). The motion of mass (stars) in the galaxy spiral arms do not obey the Newtonian concept of centripetal and centrifugal forces in terms of velocity, which indicates a (previously) unknown additional factor influencing their motion. That factor is a variable frequency G-field.

The mathematics (refer Paper 1 section 4) indicate that F = g/G, so, F (or acceleration of mass) decreases as the G field increases and as Inertia increases, again, counter intuitive under current accepted physics thought. The equation G = 1/m suggests that the G field is higher in areas of less mass. In other words, in the 'vacant' areas of space-time the G field (motion) is higher than in areas of higher mass energy (static energy). Mass and the Gravity field are mathematically reciprocal. The non-homogeneity of the universe is hereby supported because some of the permeating energy becomes mass and other of it becomes the gravity field.

A similar phenomenon is observable in the E field, which is a one dimensional analogue, and where static charge on capacitor plates (equivalent to mass) is reduced to zero when current (equivalent to gravity field) flows between the plates. This has profound implications for current cosmology theory.

The constant K_G underlies a (variable) gravitation frequency many orders of magnitude higher than gamma radiation. This may help explain the vast reach of the gravity field compared to the other fields, given also that the gravity field is scalar motion (speed, s/t) in three degrees of freedom, the x, y and z axes and written in S-T units s³/t³ . These do not denote a position in space, but denote an orthogonal orientation between the axes relative to each other, (Refer Paper 1). The G field floods the vast expanses of space-time with its energy of motion, reciprocal to the relatively concentrated static energy that is mass. One is interchangeable with the other.

5. Dark Energy

It is the 'vacant' volume of space-time which contains the higher values of the G-field rather than the volumes containing higher mass energy. The G-field, more so than any other field, permeates the whole of space time throughout the universe. It is the spaces between galaxies where there is much less mass that contains the maximum frequency and minimum wavelengths of Gravity. That G-field is high energy in comparison to that within a galaxy where there is an abundance of its mathematical reciprocal – mass energy. The reciprocity of mass and gravity field is the key to understanding Dark Energy.

What is seen under the current interpretation in physics as empty space is in fact the area of high G-field energy, which has lesser effect on the acceleration of mass, and a larger effect upon the inertia of mass.

The misunderstanding of Inertia is the area of current physics which obscures the understanding of the huge reservoir of “missing” Dark Energy.

The Planck Constant, h, is in fact the quantum of inertia. (Refer Paper 3, The Energies)

It is also notable that the wavelengths of both the G and B fields are shorter than the Planck Length. This may be why the search for 'gravity waves' has been unsuccessful.