Physics - THE NATURE OF TIME

The Nature of Time

Paper 5

M.J. Bull 2015

Abstract

An exploration through mathematics of the nature of Time and its relationship to other physical quantities, including its role in higher dimensions.

Contents

1. Introduction

2. Verification of the Equation for Time using Quantum Values

3. The Dimensions of Time

4. Time and Inertia

5. Time and Space

6. Table of Space-Time Units

Related prior Papers ( Paper 1, detailing the experiments, mathematics and theory can be found in the blog titled 'New Physics - The Relationship between Gravity, Mass, Magnetism and Electricity' at michaeljbull.blogspot.com or published at http://independent.academia.edu/MichaelBull1 as a downloadable PDF file under the author's name, titled “Mass, Gravity and Unity”. Paper 2, is titled 'Complex Space-Time' Paper 3, titled 'Quantified and Quantum Space-Time', Paper 4, titled 'Dark Energy – The Invisible Energy of the Cosmos' and are published as detailed above for Paper 1.)

Summary

Time does not have meaning without Space, and as such is not on its own a meaningful entity, at least not within the current conceptual capability of humans.

1. Introduction

It is often seen in current mainstream physics thought, the concept of the fourth dimension being synonymous with Time. To this author's knowledge there is no published basis for this assumption supported by research and experiment. The concept of time in the preceding Papers 1 to 4 by this author support the concept of Time as being the same as Space in its dimensions, and along with space, constituting space-time. Time's interaction with space creates the ratios which represent the quantities of physics (refer to the Table of Space-Time Units in section 6).

2. Verification of the Equation for Time, using Quantum Values.

The equation derived in Paper 1, section 2, being a Newtonian type equation for Time is

t = √ ( m r / F ) and is consistent with space-time units of measurement. That equation can be further reduced to a simpler form involving distance (r) and inertia (ί) using Newton's second law of motion and the derivation of the correct unit of measure for inertia (refer Paper 1, section 1) by this author.

t = √ ( mr/ ma)

  = ( r/a)^½

  = (r ί)^½

which in English says Time equals the square root of (distance times inertia).

To check that this equation is correct, quantum values, ( _q ), can be inserted for each algebraic letter and calculations done to ensure that the result is numerically correct. All units of measure must be consistent and the quanta in space-time units of measure have been previously calculated in Paper 3, Table of Energies and Table of Motions.

In space time units, the above equation is written

T_q = ( S_q x ί_q )^½

      = ( 1.616199 x 10^-35 x 1.798266 x 10^-54 )^½

      = ( 2.906356 x 10^-89 )^½

      = ( 29.06356 x 10^-88 )^½

      = 5.391063 x 10^-44 sec.

      = T_q , exactly as calculated by Planck as the quantum of Time.

The above proves beyond reasonable doubt that the equation for Time is correct, and also that this author's interpretation of Inertia is correct. Note that Inertia is an energy quite different to Mass energy, contrary to its treatment in many physics text books currently in use.

3. The Dimensions of Time

The Table of Space-Time Units of Measure (section 6) , itself verifiable from SI units of measure (Paper 1, Appendix 2), clearly shows that Time transitions, along with Space, into at least the three dimensions which can be perceived by humans. It is demonstrated by velocity, a linear or orbital one dimensional Motion, S/T; through magnetic current (B-field), S²/T², a quantity relating to area (S² ) in two dimensions; to gravity (G-field), S³/T³, a quantity relating to volume (S³ ) in three dimensions. The Energies have a similar relationship to Time in its 3 dimensions demonstrated by Energy T/S, Magnetic Energy T²/S² to Mass Energy T³/S³. The relationship between the three-dimensional energies and motions is orthogonal and means that in SI units of measure, Mass = Energy³ which Einstein originally pointed out in his own notation, being E = mc². The mathematics suggest that Time, along with Space, proceeds through higher dimensions which modern humans, in the main, do not perceive or recognise. Observation beyond three dimensions is therefore limited, but mathematics does not experience those limitations and indicate that Time and Space exist beyond the third dimension by logical extension.

4. Time and Inertia

The verification of the Time / Inertia equation in 2. above allows an analysis of that equation to become more than just speculation. The equation is easier to consider if the form T² = S ί is used to avoid square roots. The obvious is that ί = T²/S, which is the space-time unit of measure for inertia. The space-time measure is not only a unit of measure, it defines inertia numerically. The second is S = T²/ ί , which states that length (or distance) is a function of time and inertia. As inertia is reciprocal to acceleration, this equation can be written S = a T² which is confirmed by the similar Newtonian equation S = u T + ½ a T², where u is initial velocity. If initial velocity were zero then the two equations are the same if the constant of integration, ½ , is ignored. This is further evidence that the energy (inertia), and the motion (acceleration), are reciprocal, as stated in Paper 1, section 1.

It is not intuitively obvious that either inertia or mass are energies, which may be why current physics does not recognize that it is so and has no credible explanation for either quantity. The mathematically closely related magnetic energy from a permanent magnet is readily observable as an energy and is the two dimensional analogue of mass energy.

5. Time and Space

While most have no trouble conceptualizing Space, that is not the case for Time. It appears to most as something invisible which passes in only one direction and defines physical change, such as age, speed, entropy or order, for example. Time is far more than these concepts, and at the same time it is less. Time, without Space, has no comprehensible meaning of itself, but with Space it defines everything, including, for example, motion and energy. It may be that a phenomenon represented by Time of itself remains yet to be discovered.

Space, however, has a meaning of itself without Time as exemplified by the electric charge which has the S-T unit of S.  A charge moving through a conductor is a case of Space moving through Matter, which is mathematically the same as Matter moving though Space.

The Table of Space-Time (section 6) shows the role of Space-Time in up to four dimensions. It is known that the ratios of Time to Space and Space to Time define the Energies and Motions of all known and unknown related quantities. (It is unproven whether or not the Space-Time products define the sub atomic particles, as Matter and Anti-matter.)

It is true that Time can be measured, but that measure is always related to a physical process which involves Space. The reciprocal of Time 1/T, which is frequency, is also a measure meaningless without relating it to Space. Frequency is often used as a measure of wave energy and in so doing relates to the energy which is defined by Time and Space, T/S. To clarify this concept, in the mechanical system an analogy is acceleration as a measure of the change in velocity, denoted S/T² which is velocity S/T times frequency 1/T which equals S/T². The 1/T is dependent upon the S in velocity to have meaning. To summarise the above, Time does not have meaning without Space, and as such is not on its own a meaningful entity, at least not within the current conceptual capability of humans.

6.

Table of Space-Time Units of Measure.

                      MOTION                           SPACE EXPANSION                         MATTER

S4/T4 ?	S4/T3 ?	S4/T2 ?	S4/T ?	S4 ?	↑ S4	S4 ?	TS4 gluon	T2S4 photon	T3S4 Z-boson	T4S4 W-boson
S3/T4 ?	S3/T3 mass current GRAVITY	S3/T2 ?	S3/T ?	S3 volume	S3	S3 volume	TS3 top quark	T2S3 bottom quark	T3S3 tau	T4S3 tau neutrino
S2/T4 ?	S2/T3 ?	S2/T2 magnetic current	S2/T ?	S2 area	S2	S2 area	TS2 charm quark	T2S2 strange quark	T3S2 muon	T4S2 muon neutrino
S/T4 ?	S/T3 Δ accel,	S/T2 Δ speed, accel.	S/T speed, elec current	S distance, elec charge capacitance C	S1	S distance, elec charge capacitance C	TS up quark	T2S down quark	T3S electron	T4S electron neutrino
1/T4 ? ←	1/T3 ? contraction	1/T2 ? of time	1/T frequency	S0/T0 = 1 Unity MOTION	S0	T0 S0 = 1 Unity MATTER	T time	T2 ? expansion	T3 ? of time	T4 ? →
← T - 4	T - 3	T - 2	T - 1	T0	O	T0	T1	T2	T3	T4 →
1/T4 ?	1/T3 ?	1/T2 ?	1/T frequency	1/T0 S0 = 1 Unity ANTI-MATTER	S0	T0/S0 = 1 Unity ENERGY	T time	T2 ?	T3 ?	T4 ?
1/T4S anti electron neutrino	1/T3S anti electron (positron)	1/T2S anti down quark	1/TS anti up quark	1/S power	S-1	1/S power	T/S energy electric energy	T2/S inertia	T3/S moment of inertia	T4/S ?
1/T4S2 anti muon neutrino	1/T3S2 anti muon	1/T2S2 anti strange quark	1/TS2 anti charm quark	1/S2 ?	S-2	1/S2 ?	T/S2 force, elect potential V	T2/S2 momentum magnetic energy elec resistivity σ	T3/S2 ?	T4/S2 ?
1/T4S3 anti tau neutrino	1/T3S3 anti tau	1/T2S3 anti bottom quark	1/TS3 anti top quark	1/S3 ?	S-3	1/S3 ?	T/S3 elect field intensity E	T2/S3 elec resis R magnetic potential	T3/S3 MASS energy	T4/S3 ?
1/T4S4 anti W-boson	1/T3S4 anti Z-boson	1/T2S4 anti photon	1/TS4 anti gluon	1/S4 ?	S-4 ↓	1/S4 ?	T/S4 pressure	T2/S4 magnetic intensity H	T3/S4 mag resist μ	T4/S4 ?

           ANTI – MATTER                    SPACE CONTRACTION                        ENERGY

Ratios marked ? are unknown to current physics and are predicted to exist as quantities yet to be defined and researched by science.