PHYSICS: An idea worth further thought is that the wave form of the fundamental particles are sourced in time-space, the mathematical reciprocal of space-time, wherby motion is through time rather than through space. Such a possibility would help explain the quantum physics puzzles, where a particle has multiple statistical spatial possibilities rather than a sharply focussed place in a spacial location, making it difficult to observe and measure in space-time, from where we make our observations. The wave domain may belong in time-space and the particle domain in space-time. There is nothing apparent in the mathematics of Table 1 in Theoria Omnia which determines that interpretation as not possible. The challenge that this possibility presents to mathematics is that st ≠ ts . If 's' is known, then 't' is not and if 't' is known then 's' is not.

MJB 2010. Acrylic 18" x 24"

Physicists who read this may get a little bent out of shape - those who ignore it risk their relevance.

The Fiasco in Modern Physics called Gravity

Sir Isaac Newton is rightly considered the father of modern physics. In the 17^th century he was able to fit his observations to mathematics, which could describe and link what he saw to what he calculated. From this he was able to then extrapolate those mathematics to predict observation. He helped pioneer what was then new mathematics, the maths of motion, now called Calculus. His mathematics were so good in describing reality that their accuracy in describing the motion of the planets around the sun is revered today.

Fast forward, through the 18^th and 19^th centuries (where understanding of electricity, astronomy, atomic theory, light and other phenomena added to Newton's considerable legacy,) to the early 20^th century.

The one key missing ingredient was an understanding of where the force called Gravity should fit into the observations and mathematics of the universe. Gravity is key in that it is essential to understand its source and nature before the cosmos and everything happening within it can make any sense. Albert Einstein revolutionized thought concerning the nature of space and time, but struggled for all of his life to reconcile gravity to his theories. Modern physics has, after nearly a century, now shown that Einstein was correct in his theories. Modern physics is no closer to understanding the source and place of gravity. The current proposition that gravity arises as a result of the distortion of the 'fabric of space-time' is, most likely, in itself a fabrication. It sets off my own personal 'bulldust' alarm.

Modern physics missed the essential clue, which came from the work of Max Planck in the early 20^th century. Planck argued that physic's units of measure were arbitrary, (somewhat like the old imperial measures such as a 'nip', a 'gill' and a 'hundredweight'). He proposed a set of 5 constants based on the physics of free space and quantum theory, not on any man made unit of measure. Planck's thought processes led to the mathematics which can convert any 'man made unit of measure' to a unit of measure that can be expressed in terms of the two fundamentals, space and time.

This thought process is not complicated if one begins at the simplest point. For example, most of us understand that speed is measured by distance travelled in a given time (km per hour). That is expressed mathematically as speed equals distance divided by time. S = d / t. The other concept most of us understand is that distance is a one dimensional expression of 'space'. Area is a two dimensional expression of space (s²) and volume is a three dimensional expression of space (s³). We cannot conceptualize time in a similar way, but mathematics can. For example 1/t is the mathematical expression of frequency, or 'so many thinga-mi-jigs per second'.

Without going into complex mathematical proofs in this article, it can be shown beyond any reasonable doubt that space-time (S-T) units can substitute for any other units in the physics of mechanics, electricity, magnetism and mass, whether Newtonian or Einsteinian physics, just as Planck proposed. If s = space and t = time, all units of measure are a combination of these two fundamentals.

Here is what mainstream physics has missed : The S-T units for electric energy (emf) is t/s, and the S-T units for the electric field (current) is s/t. The S-T units for magnetic energy (mmf) is t²/s², and for the magnetic field is s²/t². The S-T units for mass energy is t³/s³, and for the mass field ( = gravity) is s³/t³.

Mass is the three dimensional analogue of electricity, and gravity is the three dimensional analogue of the electric field,(magnetism is the two dimensional analogue). These three dimensions of mass are at right angles to each other just as the dimensions of volume are (length, width, depth). That is why the motion of a generator is at a right angle to the magnetic field, which is at a right angle to the electric current generated, and the electric motor produces motion from the electric current and magnetism for the same reason. There is no rational explanation of electricity and magnetism in current physics.

The implication of the above analysis between mass, magnetism and electricity is that mass is also a form of energy, not a form of matter. Mass has the S-T unit t³/s³, while the simplest particle, the up-quark has the S-T unit 'ts'. Mass and Matter are not the same quantity. The difference in energy between the three energy analogues is a function of the constant c, which is a very large number (3 x 10⁸) . Between electricity and magnetism the difference is mc, and between electricity (or energy, which has the same unit) and mass it is mc² as Einstein famously pointed out.

Gravity is in fact the mass field, or the field produced by mass current, analogous to the eletcric field produced by electric current. Gravity is a mathematical inverse (reciprocal) of mass. In S-T units, mass = t³/s³ and gravity = s³/t³. If they are mathematically multiplied by each other the result equals 1. In physics this is written mg = 1. The same applies to electricity and its field, and magnetism and its field. Gravity and Acceleration are not the same quantity. The S-T unit for acceleration is s/t². So what is happening in the real world?

In a region of high mass, such as the centre of the galaxy or a black hole, we know the acceleration of the matter is high. Expressed in S-T units, gravity (s³/t³) = s/t² (acceleration) x s²/t, which multiplied together equal s³/t³. The quantity s²/t has no name in science. It may be a good bet that it represents Hawking radiation which is observable in space coming from a black hole. If these two constituents of gravity are elevated then the residual gravity field is reduced. This fits with the equation mg = 1, in that if m (mass) is high, then g (gravity) is low for their product to equal 1.

In the reverse scenario, when mass is low, then gravity is high. This occurs in a region where there is little mass. Mass is reduced if its carrier, matter, is scarce as in empty space. That is why modern physicists are looking for 'dark matter' to account for the huge increase in gravitational influence from empty space. Dark matter and dark energy do not exist. They are man-made inventions to account for the misconception that mass and matter are the same, and that increased mass produces increased gravity when it is the reverse that is true. Increased mass produces increased acceleration of matter, while at the same time reducing the gravitational field. The energies are conserved by an increase in acceleration being 'funded' by a decrease in the gravity field.

Mass is an energy (as evidenced by nuclear energy, E = mc² ) and Gravity is its field.

There are many questions which may follow this shift in thinking around mass and gravity. One which comes to mind is how to explain Newton's equation for gravitational force, the well known

F = Gmm'/r² as the force of attraction from gravity between two objects. The explanation comes from Newton himself in his other famous equation F = ma. The first equation is not a fundamental equation, but one based on Newton's observation. The second is fundamental. It can be seen that F = m (Gm'/r²) If m' and r were set at 1, then 'a' would equal G. So the F = m (Gm'/r²) where the term in brackets equals 'a'.

The complete Table of possible S-T units clarifies a number of misconceptions within physics, however the most important one has been discussed above. Without the correct interpretation of mass and gravity, our research into the cosmos is doomed to raise more questions than solutions. This has been the case for 300 years.

The Table also is an excellent pointer to that which we do not know, which in turn drives thought and research in the most productive directions. An example of that can be seen above with the understanding of the already observed Hawking radiation being made clearer by the use of S-T units linking it with the acceleration of matter within a gravity field. Mainstream physics has no explanation for Hawking radiation. It now remains for physics to prove the mathematics, or not. Therein lies the value of mathematics as a predictor of reality, as Newton well understood.

Further information is contained within the Paper entitled 'Theoria Omnia' written by this Author in 2013, about 11,000 words, and is available as a PDF file on request, at michael3.bull@gmail.com

Word Count 1455

Mathematics of the Universe

MATHEMATICAL REPRESENTATION OF THE UNIVERSE FROM ITS ORIGIN

M.J.Bull 2013

Table 1

                                         MATTER            space expansion ---->       VISIBLE UNIVERSE

0	s0	s	s2	s3	s4	1/s	1/s2	1/s3	1/s4
t 0	s 0 t 0 singularity BANG	s length, electric quantity, capacitance	s 2 area	s 3 volume	s 4 ?	1/s power	1/s2 ?	1/s3 ?	1/s4 ?
t	t time	t s up quark	t s2 charm quark	t s3 top quark	t s4 gluon	t/s energy, work EMF	t/s2 force voltage	t/s3 elect field intensity	t/s4 pressure
t2	t 2 ?	t 2 s down quark	t 2s2 strange quark	t 2s3 bottom quark	t 2s4 photon	t 2/s inertia	t 2/s 2 momentum MMF	t 2/s 3 resistance, magnetic potential	t 2/s 4 magnetic field intensity
t3	t 3 ?	t 3s electron	t 3s2 muon	t 3s3 tau	t 3s4 Z-boson	t 3/s moment of inertia	t 3/s2 ?	t 3/s3 mass	t 3/s4 magnetic permeability (μ)
t4	t 4 ?	t 4s electron nutrino	t 4s2 muon nutrino	t 4s3 tau nutrino	t 4s4 W-boson	t 4/s ?	t 4/s2 ?	t 4/s3 ?	t 4/s4 mass current (?)
1/t	1/t ?	s/t speed elec.current	s 2/t Hawking radiation	s 3/t ?	s 4/t ?	1/ ts	1/ ts2	1/ ts3	1/ ts4
1/t2	1/t2 ?	s/t2 acceleration (change in speed)	s 2/t2 magnetic current	s 3/t2 ?	s 4/t2 ?	1/ t2s	1/ t2s2	1/ t2s3	1/ t2s4
1/t3	1/t3 ?	s/t3 change in acceleration	s 2/t3 ?	s 3/t3 gravity	s 4/t3 ?	1/ t3s	1/ t3s2	1/ t3s3	1/ t3s4
1/t4	1/t4 ?	s/t4 ?	s 2/t4 ?	s 3/t4 ?	s 4/t4 ?	1/ t4s	1/ t4s2	1/ t4s3	1/ t4s4

↓Time expansion          VISIBLE UNIVERSE                                          ANTI – MATTER

There is much information in this Table which can be scientifically proven beyond reasonable doubt, such

as the three degrees of freedom of mass and its manifestation of electric force, EMF, ( t/s) and magnetic force, MMF, (t²/s²) when one of its degrees of freedom is opposed in direction by a unit of space moving through the mass. That unit of space is electric quantity, (s), as outlined in a previous paper by this author. The physics of the entire electric power industry are based on this.

There is also much information in Table 1, such as that regarding the fundamental particles, which cannot at this point be proven. That is based upon an intuitive logic presented by the direction of the mathematics as a whole, rather than by the parts, but is not a rigorous proof.

Notes onTable 1

Development of the Universe

(1) Following the expansion of space and time from the singularity, known as the 'big bang', the universe appears to have developed in two separate ways from a mathematical perspective of space and time interaction.

(a) Firstly, the fundamental particles, which in various combinations constitute all of the atomic particles, are the mathematical product of space and time, that is, tⁿ sⁿ. Also to note is that the fundamental particles are contained within the boundaries of the visible universe (in Table 1 coloured in pale yellow). The anti-matter particles have two boundaries adjoining the visible universe and two boundaries which do not. This may point to an explanation as to why in our visible universe anti-matter is less abundant than matter.

The Gauge Bosons have in common s⁴.

The Leptons have in common t³ and t⁴.

The Quarks have in common t and t².

It is not clear where the recently found Higgs boson fits into this model.

(b) Secondly, the visible universe, of which all things familiar to us including ourselves, is constituted from a mathematical ratio of space and time, that is, tⁿ / sⁿ, or vice versa.

The section of the visible universe defined by t/s contains mass, while the section defined by s/t contains gravity. These two phenomena are reciprocal and when multiplied equal 1, mg = 1. The mathematics indicate this to be the case for all of the equivalent elements for t/s and s/t. For example t/s (work or energy) x s/t (velocity) equal 1. It is noted that at present less is understood about the s/t or gravity sector than the t/s or mass sector. Mainstream science has yet to understand the nature of mass and gravity and their relationship to each other. The fundamental space-time measurement units of known quantities clarify their true nature and relationship to each other. Max Planck first pointed out that our units of measure are mostly contrived and he proposed measurement based on the physics of free space, which still stand as valid. The units of space-time used above are easily and consistently verifiable from simple SI units, including that of mass and gravity, and give greater clarity to the understanding of various phenomena (refer previous paper).

(2) The difference in the mathematics between the fundamental particles and the visible universe may point to an explanation for the baffling difference in the behaviour of Quantum physics and Newtonian or Einsteinian physics. The fundamental difference may be that of st and s/t. The photon and electron are familiar interacting with the s/t universe as carriers of energy between space-times, and the function of some of the other particles has yet to be found.

Mass and Gravity

(3) A consequence of the reciprocity between Mass and Gravity that is mathematically, mg = 1, is that the corollary to this simple equation is that if mass approaches infinity then gravity approaches zero and vice versa. In a region of large mass, such as the centre of the galaxy or a black hole, the acceleration applied to the mass is increased and at the same time gravity is reduced. If one looks at the space-time units, gravity is s³/t³, and acceleration is s/t². If the s/t² (acceleration) is elevated then the residual is s²/t, (which combined make s³/t³ gravity) is also elevated. The unit s²/t does not have its own identity, but is the reciprocal of force. It is probably that which is known as Hawking radiation. If both acceleration and Hawking radiation are elevated, then gravity is reduced by those amounts in that region of high mass. The equation mg = 1 holds as valid. The reason it seems to be counter intuitive is that of the misconception that gravity and acceleration are the same thing. In SI units, acceleration is measured in N/kg or m/s², gravity is measured in kg^-1. The acceleration unit N/kg can be written N.kg^-1 which is Force x Gravity. In Newtonian physics,    F = ma and also F = a/g from the reciprocal relationship between mass and gravity.

(4) The inverse scenario is a region with a very small quantity of mass. In this region of space-time the equation mg = 1 indicates that gravity is high. As t³/s³ (mass) is small, then s³/t³ (gravity) is high because their product equals 1. This is likely the reason that regions of so called 'dark matter' have a high input to gravitational effects. The dark matter will likely be found not to exist at all because it is not mass which generates gravity. It is, in fact, the lack of mass. Dark matter and Dark energy are man made inventions to explain a deficit in comprehension of the true nature of mass and gravity.

Time

(5) Time is a more difficult quantity to envisage than is space. It is not difficult to understand the concept of length, width and depth with space because they are visible to us. To use an analogy, it is difficult for a camera to discern depth when it needs to see it in two space dimension when there are three. The only way the camera can accomplish this is to reduce the length and width of the object to keep its two dimensional perspective relative to its surroundings. In the case of time, which we cannot envisage at all, it is difficult to accept that it also has dimensions equivalent to space, at least in a mathematical sense. The evidence for this lies in the space-time units which measure quantities which we can see, feel and understand. For example, acceleration has one space dimension and two time dimensions, s/t², but we have no difficulty comprehending acceleration. The t² part on its own leaves a comprehension deficit.

A study of Table 1 indicates that time is an energetic fundamental. In the Mass t/s section of the Table, it can be seen that the t is the numerator in the ratio. The energy content rises as the power of t rises. Mass, t³/s³ is more energetic than MMF, t²/s², which in turn is more energetic than EMF, t/s. The variation in energy between each is denoted by the constant, c, which is a large number (3 x 10⁸). The energy level between each of these is mc and between mass and emf it is mc² as Einstein famously pointed out. On the other hand in the Gravity s/t section, t is the denominator, so that equivalent progression between electric current (field) through magnetic current (field) to gravitational field shows a large reduction in field strength per unit volume. These observations give some concept of the energy that time has, without the need to visualize it.

Paradigm Shift (2) : The Relativistic Speed of Light

Paradigm Shift (2) : The Relativistic Speed of Light.

The Universe and the Relationship between Dimensions

In the beginning, there was ONE dimension, mass, m. It is called the 'singularity' from whence our universe began its expansion from the process called the 'big bang'. Mass is one of the few constants which one could accept as likely to be constant.

At the point of the 'big bang', another dimension was added to the first, the SECOND dimension being called velocity, c. The second dimension contained both m and c, which when combined, make the quantity we call momentum, M = mc. Momentum is the primeval mathematical integral relating mass and velocity, represented by ∫ m c⁰ .dc = mc.

The THIRD dimension, beginning just after the 'big bang', added to the second dimension by introducing a change of velocity, or third dimension called acceleration, c/t, containing the second dimension. Similarly, acceleration is a mathematical integral of velocity, represented by

∫ m c¹ .dc = mc² (ignoring mathematical constants for the moment), which is what, in the third dimension we call energy. (Einstein's famous E = mc² ). Time is about to start with acceleration, but at this point is still zero, represented mathematically by t⁰ . So in the third dimension mathematically, E₃ = mc²/t⁰. Anything to the power of 0 equals 1, so E₃ = mc² /1 which is Einstein's equation E = mc² .

The FOURTH dimension, has the addition of time,t, and it contains m, c, c/t and t, that is it contains the first, second and third dimensions as outlined above. The fourth dimension is the mathematical integral of the third dimension, represented as ∫ mc² / t⁰ .dc = mc³ / t¹ , and E₄ = mc³ / t, (again ignoring constants).

Following the same reasoning, the FIFTH dimension is more difficult to visualize (because we live in the fourth dimension), but it is an integral of the fourth dimension, ∫ mc³ /t¹ .dc = mc⁴ / t² . It is “t^2” because the fifth dimension has its own time and spatial directions in addition to those of the fourth dimension, which it contains, and therefore has a total of six spatial and two time directions. So the energy is E₅ = mc⁴ / t² .

Similarly, again ignoring constants, it can be shown that in the SIXTH dimension E₆ = mc⁵ / t³ , and so forth.

The general equation for the energy of a given time dependent dimension (n), that is fourth dimension and above, can be written as E_n = m c^(n-1) / t^(n-3).

What becomes clear on examining the mathematics between time dependent dimensions is that the multiple which is the difference between them is c/t. For example, E₆ /E₅ = mc⁵ t^-3 / mc⁴ t^-2 = c/t. This is a constant between any consecutive time dependent dimensions. C/t is a velocity divided by a time, which is an acceleration. It then follows that, physically, the separation between dimensions is an acceleration.

As far as we know, the universe is still accelerating away from the point of the 'big bang'. If we accept Max Planck's calculation from the properties of free space, that time equals (in round figures) 10^-44 seconds while the speed of light from the same viewpoint is deemed to equal 1, then the value of the acceleration, c/t, is 1/ 10^-44 which equals an acceleration of 10⁴⁴ m/s².

When energy/mass has an acceleration of that magnitude, it is clear that the velocity, c, will soon be exceeded. Einstein's theories are very probably correct in their conclusion that c cannot be exceeded in the fourth dimension. He did not look into the fifth dimension.

If time can vary, as Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity calculates, then given the above calculated constancy of c/t, it follows that c can vary in another dimension when viewed from this dimension. Therefore both c and t are different in, say, the fifth dimension when viewed from the fourth dimension.

The Speed of Light is relativistic also, it varies with Time between Dimensions.

Paradigm Shift

PARADIGM SHIFT

The Theory of Dimensional Relativity

Michael J. Bull 2013

Introduction

        The Theory of Dimensional Relativity (TDR) is an extension of Einstein's Relativity Theories in that it moves those same principles into higher (and more energetic) dimensions. The effect is to allow a more complete overview and explanation of the phenomena we observe in the cosmos, much of which currently lacks any plausible explanation.

Some conclusions from TDR include calculation of the mass-energy of other dimensions; the quantification of inertia and its relationship to acceleration and time; the identification of the source of the gravitational field; the calculation of relative light speed and time in higher dimensions as seen from the 4^th dimension; theory of the relativistic speed of light where c is not a constant as now believed, but the ratio c/t is; theory of the mathematical relationship of gravito-inertia to electro-magnetism; some insight into the cause of 'black holes', and other cosmological phenomena.

All of these conclusions have significant consequences, which constitute a study in their own right, and the purpose of this article, which is not intended as a scientific paper but as a thought provoking medium based on the startling conclusions from the original Paper, which is a more rigorous scientific document as far as is possible when considering a new reality, much of which is not possible to physically corroborate at our present level of technology. This means that mathematics is the only indicator of the reality at present, as was the case with Einstein's theories for nearly a century.

A summary could be that the Theory of Dimensional Relativity is an extension of Einstein's Special and General Relativity Theories. It does not contradict them, however it does look beyond their scope into the higher dimensions, and in so doing, relates the gravitational field to the other forces of electro-magnetism, the weak nuclear force and the strong nuclear force. This connection has defied science to date and was not found by Einstein, who spent the latter half of his life in pursuit of it. Nikola Tesla made the connection in part, but could not justify his intuition without a dimensional relativity theory.

What are Dimensions?

       Much study is aimed at ascertaining the beginning and the end of the universe and there are a raft of views on the subjects. It is generally accepted that the beginning was an explosion, 'the big bang' from a 'singularity' or concentration of mass-energy at a point. The Theory of Dimensional Relativity (TDR) has as this point the 1^st dimension where there is only mass. The 2^nd dimension is at the point of explosion where there is no time or space and only mass (m) and velocity ( c). The 3^rd dimension is soon after the 'big bang' at the beginning of time and space. There are three co-ordinates of space (like length, width and depth) and one of time, as well as mass and energy (as acceleration). The 4^th dimension, which is where we live, is a view of the 3^rd dimension as time elapses, the spatial co-ordinates increase at an accelerating rate (the universe increases in volume) and there is mass (solid matter) and energy as ever increasing velocity. At a point where velocity reaches a certain limit, (the speed of light, c), the acceleration of mass and energy continues, but in a new dimension which is not detectable from the 4^th dimension because it exceeds the speed of light in the 4^th dimension. The 5^th dimension has an additional three spatial co-ordinates and one time co-ordinate and contains the first four dimensions within it. The speed of light in the 5^th dimension (c₅) as seen from our 4^th dimension is much faster than our speed of light, (c₄). Additionally, time in the 5^th dimension, (t₅) is much slower than in our 4^th dimension (t₄).

In 5^th dimension time, one second equals about 10 years in the 4^th dimension. This can be calculated from TDR inter-dimensional mathematical equations. The speed of light is, as Einstein predicted, constant within any dimension, but not between dimensions. The constant between dimensions is the ratio of light speed to time, or c/t, and it is constant regardless of which dimensions we are looking at. The 6^th dimension has the same relationship to the 5^th, there being a constant ratio between consecutive dimensions of c/t, which is in fact an acceleration of 10⁴⁴ metres/sec/sec.

The question is asked 'What was before the singularity leading to the 'big bang' ?' There was no 'before' because there was no time. It is not a meaningful question. We have minds wedded to time or 'cause and effect' which is why we struggle with the reality of quantum physics. Time is not part of the consideration, it is only an inter-dimensional variable. Time in the 6^th dimension as seen from the 4^th is 3 x 10⁵² sec or one 6^th dimension second equals ten thousand billion billion billion years in 4^th dimension time. To all intents the 6^th is timeless as we see it. So it may be with the singularity.

What is the future of the universe? This is a valid question because we have a point of reference – the beginning of acceleration – the 'big bang'. The universe continues to accelerate as it has since the 'big bang'. As the acceleration continues, we will acquire more higher dimensions to contain the increasing energy from the relentless acceleration, as it surpasses the light speed limit for each dimension. The gravitational field will not overtake the acceleration and cause a contraction. The gravitational field is a consequence of the interaction of mass with the acceleration of the next higher dimension, as discussed in the next section. The foreseeable future is more of the same.

Where does Gravity come from?

          The puzzle of the source of the gravitational field has been on-going. Einstein's idea of a warp in space-time is difficult to grasp and has limited mathematical basis. He struggled to fit gravity into his theories of relativity without much success for all of the second half of his life. He was constrained by his own deductions, which was an absolute speed of light and 4 dimensions. He did not look beyond the 4^th dimension. One of his contemporary physicists, the sometimes controversial but brilliant Nikola Tesla had his own views on this matter, but was unable to substantiate his intuition with a suitable theory. The key to Tesla's intuitive explanation of gravity is supported by the Theory of Dimensional Relativity. Tesla proposed that the gravitational field arose as a consequence of energy accelerating through mass (which can be considered as a three dimensional conductor of energy); the converse of acceleration is inertia, which was mass accelerating through energy. While the latter seemed achievable, the former was a more difficult proposition.

The TDR shows that this is not difficult and it happens constantly. The energy of the 5^th dimension, which exceeds the 4^th dimension speed of light, is not detectable from the 4^th. The 4^th is contained within the 5^th, so that 5^th dimension energy constantly passes through 4^th dimension mass, creating the gravitational field. The gravitational field arises as a consequence of 4^th dimension mass and 5^th dimension acceleration energy (which is not detectable in the 4^th dimension). No wonder that the source of gravity has been so difficult to find. Conversely, when we accelerate a mass, it accelerates through 5^th dimension energy, again not detectable, and we feel the resulting inertia, as for example being pressed into the seat when accelerating in a powerful car, which reduces rapidly as it picks up speed.

What is the Equivalence Principle?

          The Equivalence Principle says that different masses accelerate at the same rate in the same gravity field, and that inertial and gravitational mass are indistinguishable. Einstein was aware of the Equivalence Principle, which is a pillar of his Theory of General Relativity. Part of the derivation of the TDR depended upon quantifying the Equivalence Principle, which has not been done by prior physics, except as mass, which is not an accurate description of inertia. The relationship of gravitational acceleration to inertial resistance is a simple mathematical reciprocal. The mathematical statement of the Equivalence Principle is 

 g x ί = 1 Science has been trying to disprove the Equivalence Principle since the time of Galileo, who is said to have dropped different masses from the Leaning Tower of Pisa and measured their fall times. So far no-one has disproved it, we are now down to 11 decimal places without any difference.

The Equivalence Principle holds for any acceleration not just gravity. The following example simply demonstrates this important relationship:

1. if a mass of 20 kg has an acceleration of a = 10 m/s², (from Newton's F = ma), the force, F, is 200 N. As acceleration a = F/m, then inertia ί = m/F = 20/200 = 0.1      a x ί = 1
2. if a mass of 15 kg has an acceleration of a = 1 m/s², force is 15 N and the 
   inertia ί = m/F = 15/15 = 1    a x ί = 1
3. if a mass of 40 kg has an acceleration of a = 0.1 m/s², the force is 4 N and the inertia, ί = m/F = 40/4 = 10     a x ί = 1

The unit of measure for inertia is kg/Newton, and an alternative unit for acceleration is Newton/kg.

Enough of equations. It can be seen from this example why a small mass accelerates at the same rate as a larger mass in the same gravitational field – the inertia of the masses varies to make the accelerations equal, regardless of the masses, while their product remains the same, equal to 1.

The 4^th dimension equivalent of the gravity-inertia relationship is the electro-magnetic relationship. The magnetic field is caused by the velocity (not acceleration) of energy through a two dimensional conductor (a wire). The electric field is caused by the velocity of the conductor through a magnetic field. In the case of parallel electrical conductors, they attract each other when current flows in the same direction. This is the case with mass, which is a three dimensional energy conductor. Two masses attract each other, suggesting that the flow of energy acceleration is in the same direction, toward the centres of mass. The electro-magnetic relationship is entirely analogous to gravito-inertia and is a mathematical derivative of it. So, the mathematical integral of electro-magnetism is gravito-inertia, just as TDR says that 5^th dimension mass-energy is the mathematical integral of the 4^th dimension mass-energy. The mathematical equations demonstrating the electro-magnetic and gravito-inertia relationship are derived in the original Paper. It is sufficient to say that the different dimensions are the source of the different forces of which we are aware. The more energetic the force, the more energetic (higher) is its source dimension, which energy is interacting with 4^th dimension mass to produce the force.

Time and Inertia

         It is shown in the original Paper that there is a direct equivalent value between inertia and time, when expressed as Planck time, t_p. This says that Planck time equals Planck inertia. So, if Planck time is variable and it decreases, then Planck inertia decreases, and by the Equivalence Principle corollary, Planck acceleration increases. This is the same conclusion as that drawn by Einstein's Special Relativity Theory but arrived at from another direction. Special Relativity sees the acceleration as the cause of time dilation rather than time dilation causing acceleration. TDR has established that the enormous difference in energy (acceleration) between the 4^th and 5^th dimensions for example, represents a very large slowing of time in the 5^th dimension when viewed from the 4^th dimension. Time and Inertia are the same in that they are both reciprocal to acceleration, but are orthogonal to each other. Special Relativity Theory establishes the time to acceleration connection, the Equivalence Principle establishes the acceleration to inertia connection and the Theory of Dimensional Relativity establishes the inertia to time connection. Time decrease causes acceleration and a decrease in inertia, the converse causes deceleration and an increase in inertia.

The Permanent Magnet and Electret Conundrums

           Where does the apparently endless energy from a permanent magnet or an electric dipole come from? The electro-magnetic (E-M) particles of the 5^th dimension travel faster than c of the 4^th dimension (c₄) because time is slower in the 5^th .

The 5^th dimension E-M particles are not observable in the 4^th because they exceed c₄ in the 4^th dimension. They are the 'virtual particles' making 'virtual energy' or 'space energy' as described by Tesla. There is a direct connection between the 4^th and 5^th dimension. E-M particles at a broken symmetry, as are electric (+/-) and magnetic (N/S) dipoles, exhibit seemingly endless energy. It comes from a deceleration of the 5^th dimension E-M particles entering the 4^th dimension light speed – time system, c/t, at one of the poles where they become detectable as 4^th dimension E-M particles, and exiting the 4^th dimension at the other pole back to the 5^th dimension where they are again undetectable. The observable result we call a 'static' field because we cannot extract a net energy to do work, although it is in fact dynamic. We cannot extract energy because that which is observable goes back into the system to accelerate the E-M particles back to 5^th dimension light speed - time system from the opposite pole. Extracting energy from that broken symmetry is the subject of much experimentation, particularly outside of mainstream science, as yet without proven success.

Effects from Higher Dimensions

        TDR predicts that each dimension is contained within the next higher dimension. As our primary interest is in our own 4^th dimension, it seems appropriate to view what might be true here. The acceleration energy of the 6^th dimension would also engulf the 4^th dimension, just as does the acceleration energy of the 5^th. The 6^th dimension acceleration would be c/t = 10⁸⁸ as seen from the 4^th , the 7^th c/t = 10¹³² and the 8^th c/t = 10¹⁷⁶. Each dimension has its own particular light speed and time. The light speed exceeds c₄ and photons from higher dimensions are not detectable in the 4^th dimension, as previously discussed above. The interaction of the super fast photons of the 6^th and higher dimensions with mass in the 4^th dimension may account for the other forces known to us. They are, in addition to electro-magnetism and gravito-inertia, the electric charge on a mass such as a proton, the weak nuclear force and the strong nuclear force. To the best of our knowledge, these forces are that which gives mass its atomic structure. The strong nuclear force field decreases as a function of 1/r⁵, which suggests that its source may be photons from the 8^th dimension. The logic comes from the Hypothesis 4 of TDR, which proposes the mathematical integral relationship between dimensions. Four integrals above the 4^th dimension, moving from 1/r for the 4^th 1/r², 1/r³, 1/r⁴ to 1/r⁵ in the 8^th. If this is so, it implies that the weak nuclear force originates from perhaps the 7^th, and the energy which gives mass its electric charge from the 6^th, or vice versa. The rate of decay of the field may be the clue as to the source dimension of the photons whose interaction with 4^th dimension mass creates the field. Further deduction and research is needed on field decay rates and whether there is a relationship to source dimension.

Emerging Conundrums, Micro and Macro

         Modern science has ascertained that some subatomic particle spin has a rotational velocity up to 1.37 times the speed of light, which does not concur with the scientifically accepted limitation of light speed. Similarly, the fact that our galaxy, which is about 100,000 light years across, has a rotational unity, suggesting that the connection between one side and the other is made by some governing agent which exceeds the speed of light. The solution to those conundrums may be related to dimension and its possible effect on relativistic light speed as observed from the 4^th dimension. TDR offers a logical solution to these conundrums.

Time and Light Speed Independence - Quantum Entanglement

           We have a mindset wedded to cause and effect, and therefore have trouble comprehending the concept of quantum entanglement where there is no cause-effect progression. That with two widely separated particles one can have an effect on the other before it has been caused, such as a transmission being received before it was sent. Experimental evidence indicates that this is indeed the case. The intention to transmit is apparently enough to have an effect on the entangled particle if we must look at it in this cause-effect manner. This might suggest that quantum entanglement is independent of time and therefore of the speed of light. The strangeness of quantum mechanics to our normal perception of reality is underlined by our difficulty in perceiving outside the parameters of time. The Uncertainty Principle, the observation affecting the outcome, reversed cause and effect are all more easily understood if time is not considered as part of the issue. One might conclude that these quantum sized particles are not necessarily part of the same dimension in which we exist and therefore not subject to the same rules of time or light speed. This is even more likely in the case of sub-quarks which disappear and re-appear and are fundamentally the energy to mass connection moving between this dimension and another. TDR makes possible the solution that they could be independent of 4^th dimension time and light speed. From which dimension they appear requires more research and understanding.

Dimensional Independence - Consciousness

        It seems possible that our own 'consciousness' which can move back or forward in time at will, like quantum particles, may operate independently of, or from, another dimension, whereas our physical bodies are confined to the 4^th dimension and are subject to the arrow of time and all that it implies. It seems that our natural sense of 'self ', which almost universally means more to us than just our body, implies we exist in more than the body's dimension. That knowledge, although unproven, seems common to all humanity, and probably underlies most spirituality and religious belief.

It suggests that a change in energy potential from this or another dimension may affect our

ability to comprehend, create, solve and expand the mind, a process which history indicates can

move in both directions, as in ages of 'enlightenment' where knowledge is gained and 'dark ages' where knowledge is lost. Knowledge of the last 'golden age' has been lost and only vaguely perceived through legends such as that of Atlantis and Lemuria found in a number of unrelated cultures, although this is far from certain. Some archeological finds are more convincing evidence of lost knowledge, such as the ruins of Gunung Padang about 120 km south east of Jakarta dated as early as 16,000 years old. The knowledge of civilizations in equatorial regions during the last ice age have been largely lost to us. Those with the ability to cast the mind into other areas may be of assistance in regaining some of that knowledge.

The Mind – Untapped by Science

         A striking example of casting the mind was of two 'psychics' of the Theosophical Society, (which splintered in the late 1890's to become a number of separate societies), named Besant and Leadbeater who described in 1908, in their work 'Occult Chemistry', the three sub-quarks which make a quark, and the three quarks which make a proton before atomic theory had been fully developed, let alone a knowledge of quarks. They even described the + and –

difference in the sub-quarks, as a whorl of energy which spins one way or the opposite way, there being two of one type and one of the other in each quark. The sub-quarks can move in and out of existence ( or, put another way, to and from another dimension ). They were also able to fairly accurately deduce atomic weights. We now know Besant and Leadbeater were largely correct.

This is well documented, and indicates that the mind is, at best, poorly understood. It may well be the tool which can provide us with new paradigms, especially into areas where we physically cannot go. Therein lies a field of research relatively unexplored. Words such as 'occult' have unscientific

connotations and are generally rejected by mainstream scientists without serious scrutiny.

It is possible that 'western civilization' has lost some of the abilities of the mind, such as mental telepathy and second sight (possibly a highly developed intuition as an additional source of knowledge) which has been and still is practiced by less westernized cultures in Africa, the Pacific, South America, and the Indian sub-continent. These abilities have no explanation in current western scientific knowledge and require a new paradigm before research can increase our understanding.

Accessing the 'virtual E-M energy', which is physically undetectable, seems to be a plausible

explanation as to how the mind might work, and brings psychiatry squarely into the realm of quantum physics and the Theory of Dimensional Relativity. If a permanent magnet and electric dipoles can access 'virtual energy' why not the mind ? We know it also has electrical potential between neurons, and magnetic fields in the region of the brain.

Conclusions

        The Theory of Dimensional Relativity (TDR) along with the quantification of the Equivalence Principle are a logical extension of Einstein's spectacular advance in scientific thought. They provide a solution to Einstein's insoluble problem with the gravitational field, on the back of Tesla's intuitive insight.

TDR also provides a different view of the universe and solves many of the problems in cosmology caused by an absolute speed of light by removing it and substituting a constant based on both light speed and time. This allows a variation of both of these quantities but not relative to each other.

Another new concept from the Equivalence Principle and TDR is that both time and inertia are reciprocal to acceleration. These three quantities have been given a known relationship to each other. TDR also predicts that the contraction of the universe under gravity will not happen.

The TDR does not point to a new 'silver bullet' for our electro-magnetic energy generation on Earth from this or another dimension at our current level of technology. It does, however, put into perspective where the sources of high energy are to be found, and their relationship to our dimension. Mass is the common factor in the manifestation of all of the different forces which are known. TDR gives us knowledge of the other part of the puzzle – the acceleration – which with mass, creates force from which our machinery can do work for us. There are other implications from the TDR, such as the causes of 'black holes', for example, which is addressed in mathematically sustainable detail in the original Paper.

Another area where we may be provided with a new paradigm by this theory is that of the physics of the mind, an area often avoided because of the fear of ridicule and a lack of a point at which to form an hypothesis which can then be tested. Acceptance of 'virtual energy' as part of the explanation of the intangible aspect of the mind will enable a start to be made. TDR provides an explanation of 'virtual energy' with the replacement of the constant, c, by the constant c/t and the probability of photons from a higher dimension which exceed the speed of light in the 4^th dimension.

The Paradigm shift is looking beyond the Speed of Light.

          Paradigm shifts invariably cause controversy and often heated opposition. So be it.