“The
experimental evidence presented in this paper is consistent with the
mathematics and provides strong evidence, through the successful
experimental ability to alter mass, that the relationship between Electricity, Magnetism and Mass is correctly presented.”
M.J.Bull,
2014. - Conclusions... Mass, Gravity and Unity.
Experimental Investigation (1)
Decreasing of Mass
Aim
This
laboratory experiment is to investigate the theoretical link between
electric, magnetic and mass energy, apart from that demonstrated by
the electric motor and dynamo.
Concept
The
electric motion (current) through a copper conductor which has been
wound into a coil produces (at a right angle to the electric current)
magnetic energy which replicates a bar magnet, if there is a bar of
iron within the windings. This is a simple solenoid. The iron is the
conductor for magnetic energy and this is readilygy and this is
readily observable. When that iron is formed into a continuous
circuit, or ring, the magnetic energy of the bar is converted to its
other form, being magnetic motion or current. Magnetic current can be
converted back to electric current, as is the case with an electrical
transformer using exactly this principle.
If
the magnetic current carrying iron conductor were itself wound into a
solenoid configuration, with the copper electric conductor still in
place around it and electrically insulated from the iron windings,
the magnetic windings should have an effect upon the volume within
that solenoid and the mass within it. All three energies are at right
angles to each other in this design, as is the case in the electric
motor. If the application of electric current to the copper windings
creates a magnetic current in the iron windings, then a measure of an
alteration of the mass within the second dimension solenoid would
prove a connection between the three phenomena, going beyond the
already known connection between the first two, electricity and
magnetism.
Apparatus
0.4
mm laquer insulated copper winding was wound around 1 mm plastic
coated ferrous wire, copper winding in single layer covering 2.0
metre length of ferrous wire and 2200 turns of copper wire of total
electrical resistance 1.4 ohms.
The iron wire with its copper windings was then wound in
solenoid fashion around 3 mm ID transparent plastic tube, making a
total length of 2 dimensional winding of 255 mm in length. There are
97 turns of ferrous wire which are copper wound, and at each end an
additional 21 and 19 turns respectively of ferrous wire without
copper winding, total 137 turns containing 350 mm of plastic 'mass'
tube.
Fittings for connection were made on the ends of the
copper windings for electric current; end to end connection of the
iron wire to form a ring for magnetic current; and a joiner tap for
joining the transparent plastic tube to itself to allow a current of
mass (in liquid form) to flow and be observed.
Laboratory equipment used is a Powertech 0-30V, 0-3 A
variable DC power supply and Digitech electronic scales measuring in
grams to an accuracy of 2 decimal places (1/100 of a gram).
Method
(I)The transparent tube is filled with liquid water
containing small amounts of oil, approximately the same density as
the water so that any movement within the tube can be readily
observed.The tube tap is closed and the whole apparatus is placed on
an acrylic dish on the electronic scales and an accurate weight taken
after warming up the scales for 15 minutes to prevent any
fluctuations (as recommended by the manufacturer). The power supply
is switched on to the copper conductor coil and a reading of voltage
and current flow noted against the weight reading on the scales over
a period of time. Time, current, voltage and weight of the apparatus
are noted photographically so that nothing is touched or changed
between readings. All air movement from outside is eliminated within
the experimental area. Volume of mass within the tube within the
magnetic coil is approximately 4 ml of liquid water plus 260mm of
plastic tube, weighing in total approximately 5 grams.
(II) The tube tap is opened and observation for induced
motion of the liquid mass is made. Further data on change in weight
vs current and voltage with tap open allowing mass current to flow.
Data
(I)
Date: 7 April 2014
Time
(AEST) Current (amps) Voltage (volts) Weight of
Apparatus (N)
- 1244:070079.701245:303.211.879.671246:303.201.879.641247:303.201.879.631248:303.201.879.601249:303.191.979.561250:303.191.979.541251:303.191.979.521252:303.191.979.501253:303.191.979.471254:303.191.979.461255:303.191.979.451256:303.191.979.421257:303.192.079.411258:303.191.979.401259:303.181.979.411300:303.181.979.401301:303.181.979.391302:303.171.979.381303:303.171.979.371304:303.171.979.371305:303.171.979.371306:303.171.979.391307:303.171.979.38
Graph of Data (I)
Time
↑
(mins)
24
-
+
21
-
+
18
-
+
15
-
+
12
-
+
9
-
+
6
- +
3
- +
0
+ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
79.70
.65 .60 .55
.50 .45 .40 .37
Weight
→
Decrease
(Newtons)
Data (II)
There was no observed movement of the liquid mass with
the tube tap open and no weight change was therefore measureable to
compare with weight change when tap was closed.
Results Analysis
The
foregoing experimental data (summarized in the above graph) indicate
a decrease
of the weight of the matter within the magnetic coil over a period of
approximately 18 minutes. The change in weight indicates a change in
the mass charge of the liquid water (and plastic tube) within the
coil. It is estimated that the initial weight within the coil was
approximately 5 grams, and the variation maximum was measured at 0.33
grams, representing a change in weight of 6.67%. The majority of the
weight loss occurred in the first 12 minutes. Voltage and current
through the apparatus remained very close to constant. Weight
decrease levelled off at about 18 minutes.
The wire diameter of the copper windings limited the
electric current which could be forced through the wire without undue
heating, however the results do suggest that a similar apparatus
built of heavier materials and more turns of wire may yield a more
spectacular result in terms of weight loss (or gain), which is the
measure of the reduction (or increase) in mass of the matter within
the apparatus. It is known that the number of turns of electric
conductor and the magnitude of the current it carries directly
affects the magnitude of the induced magnetic field within the
apparatus and therefore the magnitude of the change in mass induced.
The
entire experiment was photographed as it progressed with a picture of
the clock followed by a picture of the digital readings for weight,
current and voltage, and nothing was touched or altered during the
entire 24 minute period while readings were being recorded by the
camera. The data for this experiment can be viewed in the file Mass
Exp 1.
Note:
Weight is correctly measured as a force (W=mg) with the SI unit
'Newtons'. Mass is measured in 'Kilograms'. A body with a weight of
100 Newtons would, on Earth, have a mass of 100/9.8 or 10.2 kg. This
error is rarely highlighted in physics texts, which often erroneously
use the SI unit kilogram as a measure of weight. S-T units make this
error easy to detect, W= mg becomes t/s2
= t3/s3
x s/t2
= t/s2
.
Provisional Conclusions
The
results support the underlying hypothesis in this paper which
proposes the view that mass is a charge carried by most particles of
matter and that it has both a mathematical and physical connection
with the energies of electricity and magnetism. The experiment was
conducted within the constant gravity field associated with the
Earth, from which it can be concluded that the experimental apparatus
altered the mass of the matter within the apparatus and not the
gravitational acceleration. The reduced weight in the same gravity
field means that it is mass which is reduced, from the mathematics
which indicate that Weight = mass x gravity, W = mg.
It
is not clear why the alteration of the mass within the apparatus was
also a function of time, except the reason relating to time proposed
near the end of Section 7 under Variable Space and Time. Further
research using higher energies may reveal a clearer mathematical
relationship relating time to the change in mass from its electrical
origin. S-T units already suggest that the relationship of time in
these mathematics is one of linear, square and cube, that is, 1/t,
1/t2,
1/t3
in the case of the E-field, B-field and G-field respectively. It is
already known that there is a build and decay time for an induced
magnetic field. In the experimental apparatus it is a case of
electric current (E-field motion) inducing magnetic current (B-field
motion) reducing mass energy with no apparent conversion of mass to
motion (G-field motion). Mass motion is apparent in the parallel case
of an electric motor, which has the a similar orthogonal relationship
between the different fields. It may be that in the low energies used
in the experiment the friction of the liquid in the tube was greater
than the motive force applied to the liquid, resulting in a loss of
mass rather than motion.
Further investigation may be warranted.
Experimental Investigation (2)Increasing
of Mass
This
experiment is aimed at a replication of Experimental Investigation
(1) with a reversal of the direct current polarity in the electrical
windings, that is, reversing the electric current direction within
the apparatus. The data so obtained may provide some further
understanding of the relationship between electric current, magnetic
current and mass charge and /or mass current.
Data (A)
Date: 13 April 2014
Time (AEST) Current (amps)
Voltage (volts) Weight of Apparatus (N)
09:15:00
|
0
|
0.00
|
81.64
|
09:16:00
|
3.21
|
1.90
|
81.81
|
09:17:00
|
3.21
|
1.90
|
81.87
|
09:18:00
|
3.20
|
2.00
|
81.91
|
09:19:00
|
3.20
|
2.00
|
81.95
|
09:20:00
|
3.20
|
2.00
|
81.99
|
09:21:00
|
3.20
|
2.00
|
82.02
|
09:22:00
|
3.20
|
2.10
|
82.05
|
09:23:00
|
3.20
|
2.10
|
82.08
|
09:24:00
|
3.19
|
2.10
|
82.11
|
09:25:00
|
3.19
|
2.10
|
82.13
|
09:26:00
|
3.19
|
2.10
|
82.16
|
09:27:00
|
3.19
|
2.00
|
82.18
|
09:28:00
|
3.19
|
2.10
|
82.21
|
09:29:00
|
3.19
|
2.10
|
82.22
|
09:30:00
|
3.19
|
2.10
|
82.24
|
09:31:00
|
3.19
|
2.10
|
82.26
|
09:32:00
|
3.19
|
2.10
|
82.29
|
09:33:00
|
3.19
|
2.10
|
82.28
|
09:34:00
|
3.19
|
2.10
|
82.28
|
09:35:00
|
3.19
|
2.10
|
82.28
|
09:36:00
|
3.19
|
2.20
|
82.28
|
09:37:00
|
3.19
|
2.10
|
82.27
|
09:38:00
|
3.19
|
2.10
|
82.27
|
Data (B)
Mass
flow tap was opened at the conclusion of the collection of Data (A)
and there was no observable motion of the liquid mass.
Graph of Data (A)
Time
↑
(mins)
24
-
+
21
-
+
18
-
+
15
-
+
12
-
+
09
- +
06
- +
03
- +
00
-.+ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
81.64
.70
.80
.90 82.00
.10 .20 .30
Weight
→
Increase
(Newtons)
Results Analysis
The
results of Experimental Investigation (2) summarized in the graph
above show an increase
in the weight of the matter within the apparatus coil of 0.64 grams,
an increase of 13% of the approximate initial weight within the coil,
about 5 grams. The weight gain occurred within the first 18 minutes
and thereafter levelled off to a constant total weight of 82.28 grams
from 81.64 grams for the total apparatus. There was no observable
motion of the liquid in the mass tube. The data for this experiment
has been photographed and can be seen in the file Mass Exp 2.
Preliminary Conclusions
The
reversing of the direction of the DC current through the electric
windings has, increased the mass of the matter within the coil. The
increase of mass in Experimental Investigation (2) is approximately
double that of the decrease in mass in Experimental Investigation
(1). The reason for that is not yet clear. ⃰
The
reversed results of these two experiments eliminate the possibility
that the result in either case arises from faulty measuring
equipment, operator error or other outside influences.
⃰
Post
Script:
From the result of Experiment 3, it was then known that the reduced
mass of Experiment 1 was carried over into Experiment 2, and the
increase in mass of Exp.2 included the reversal of Exp.1, thus
approximately doubling the observable change.
Experimental
Investigations connected with Mass Alteration
After experimentally verifying
the theoretical connection between the energies of mass, magnetism
and electricity as described in this paper, the apparatus used in
those experiments is further used to examine other aspects of these
phenomena.
Experimental Investigation
(3)
Aim:
This experiment is intended to examine and quantify the process of
elevating a mass and if it returns to its original natural value, and
whether there is a return of that energy through the coil system to
manifest as electric current or potential in the copper wiring coil.
Method:
The original liquid mass in the mass tube is replaced and added to
by a larger (heavier) mass in the form of a solid which can be
inserted and replaces some of the liquid. The material is plastic
coated 1 mm iron fence wire. Its net weight is 3.53 grams. Add 1.00
gram for the plastic tube and 3 grams for 3 ml of water replaced in
the tube within the coil, total 7.53 grams weight (N), in addition to
the weight of the coils, giving an initial total weight of 82.39
grams weight (N).
Data:
Date: 14 April 2014
Time (AEST)
Current (amps) Voltage (volts) Weight
(Newtons)
1242
|
.00
|
.00
|
82.39
|
1243
|
3.21
|
1.90
|
82.44
|
1244
|
3.20
|
2.00
|
82.50
|
1245
|
3.20
|
2.00
|
82.55
|
1246
|
3.20
|
1.90
|
82.59
|
1247
|
3.19
|
1.90
|
82.63
|
1248
|
3.19
|
1.90
|
82.66
|
1249
|
3.19
|
1.90
|
82.69
|
1250
|
3.19
|
1.90
|
82.72
|
1251
|
3.19
|
1.90
|
82.75
|
1252
|
3.19
|
1.90
|
82.77
|
1253
|
3.19
|
1.90
|
82.79
|
1254
|
3.19
|
2.00
|
82.81
|
1255
|
3.19
|
2.00
|
82.84
|
1256
|
3.19
|
2.00
|
82.85
|
1257
|
3.19
|
2.00
|
82.87
|
1258
|
3.19
|
2.00
|
82.89
|
1259
|
3.19
|
2.00
|
82.90
|
1300
|
3.19
|
2.10
|
82.92
|
1301
|
3.19
|
2.00
|
82.93
|
1302
|
3.19
|
2.00
|
82.94
|
1303
|
3.19
|
2.00
|
82.97
|
1304
|
3.19
|
2.00
|
82.98
|
1305
|
3.18
|
2.00
|
82.99
|
1306
|
3.18
|
2.00
|
83.00
|
1307
|
3.18
|
2.00
|
83.01
|
1308
|
3.18
|
2.00
|
83.03
|
1309
|
3.18
|
2.00
|
83.04
|
1310
|
3.18
|
2.00
|
83.05
|
1311
|
3.18
|
2.00
|
83.06
|
1312
|
3.18
|
2.00
|
83.08
|
1313
|
3.18
|
2.00
|
83.09
|
1314
|
3.18
|
2.00
|
83.10
|
1315
|
3.18
|
2.00
|
83.11
|
1316
|
3.18
|
2.00
|
83.11
|
1317
|
.00
|
.00
|
83.13
|
1318
|
.00
|
.00
|
83.13
|
1319
|
.00
|
.00
|
83.13
|
Weight increase 0.74N
|
% increase in weight within
coils 9.82%
|
Time to increase weight 34 mins
|
Decrease of weight after current
shutoff - Zero
|
Residual potential in coil with
elevated weight - Zero
|
Results:
The percentage
increase in the weight is of the same order as the previous
experiments. The time taken to achieve that increase was
approximately double that of the previous experiments, possibly
because of the increase in mass within the coils from the addition of
the wire. There
was no decrease in weight after the electric current was shut off,
and no measureable residual potential within the electric coil. The
apparatus was left on the scales for 40 minutes after the conclusion
of the experiment without any reduction in weight (mass).
Photographic records of this experiment are available in the file
Mass Exp 3.
Conclusion:
The
electrical energy converted to mass charge by this experiment
remained as mass charge and did not revert to electrical energy after
disconnection. The apparatus creates additional mass charge on the
matter within its coils which remains there and is manifested as
increased weight within the Earth's gravitational field. The
results of Experiment 3 eliminates the possibility that the fields
from the experimental apparatus caused a faulty reading by the
electronic scales.
