Complex Space-Time

It is better to know what it is we don't know than it is not to know what we don't know.

Complex Space -Time

(Paper 2)

M.J. Bull, 2015

Abstract : This paper, Paper 2, expands upon the implications arising from prior work, Paper 1, and its development of Space-Time units of measure while theoretically and experimentally exploring mass and gravity and their mathematical relationship. It has become apparent that space-time is far more complex than past work has suggested, and indeed may define all other physical properties. This Paper, while somewhat speculative, is intended to develop further ideas around space-time and test them where possible.

( Paper 1, detailing the experiments, mathematics and theory can be found in the blog titled 'New Physics - The Relationship between Gravity, Mass, Magnetism and Electricity' at michaeljbull.blogspot.com or published at http://independent.academia.edu/MichaelBull1 as a downloadable PDF file under the author's name, titled “Mass, Gravity and Unity”.)

Contents

1. Introduction and summary of the relevance of the previous publication, Paper 1.

2. Table of Space-Time Units of Measure

3. The First Quadrant - Matter

4. The Third Quadrant - Anti-Matter

5. The Second Quadrant - Energies

6. The Fourth Quadrant - Motions

7. Vortices

8. Warping of Space-Time

9. Energy and Motion

10. Conclusions

1. Introduction and summary of relevance of previous publication (Paper1)

Within Paper 1, (titled “Mass, Gravity and Unity” in 2014,) is included D.B. Larson's work with space-time (S-T) units of measure and their derivation from SI units (Appendix 2, Paper 1). In Paper 1 it was mathematically established that the S-T unit for mass energy is T³/S³, magnetic energy T²/S² and electric energy T/S. The experiments detailed therein, have shown that mass energy can be varied by using the other two energies in a certain way. What this means, given the experimental proof that mass can be varied, is that if one looks at mass's space time unit, T³/S³, the experimental apparatus is varying either S or T or both. Given that the volume of the objects that had their masses altered in the experiments (a piece of wire and some water) did not change, it follows that it was not S that changed, and was therefore T. The apparatus has in fact both decreased and increased T in experiments 1,2 and 3. The evidence is that T was the variable, which is TIME.

That an electro-magnetic device can change Time is a revelation in itself, almost in the realm of science fiction, but becomes absolutely real from the experimental results and the above deduction, and indicates that the intuitive view of (or abstention from) what Time really is, requires revisiting.

Another article in the above named blogspot speculates on the nature of a vortex as a natural phenomenon and its relevance to space-time. What is a vortex? A vortex may be that which is observed when S is changed. If we consider spatial volume, S³, being reduced, the denominator of the (mass) S-T ratio T³/S³ is reduced which makes the value of the ratio increase, that is, the mass energy increases as the volume decreases. That is exactly what we observe in a tornado, a galaxy, a collapsing neutron star or a black hole. What is varied is S, which is SPACE.

There is a relativity between T and S. Most have never intuitively considered that both space and time are not constant. When they are variable, as perhaps from the available evidence they are, then the logic becomes clearer. That relativity contains all Newtonian, Einsteinian and Quantum physics without a conflict of logic.

Newtonian physics is that of constant S and constant T, Einsteinian physics that of constant S and variable T, or vice versa, and Quantum physics that of variable S and variable T.

Further consideration of that may be warranted. It may provide a possibility that would, mathematically and intuitively, accommodate Einstein's 'warping of space-time' as observed by the lensing of light from the effects of gravity, from a mass. It may be recalled from Paper 1 that the S-T unit for the gravity field (G, not g) is mathematically reciprocal to that of mass.

Similarly it does provide some sense to quantum entanglement (spooky action at a distance) given that volume of space ( S³ ), or distance (S), may be varied to a point where distance between the entangled particles is close to zero, but perhaps not perceived to be that way by us. Hence the limits imposed by the speed of light would no longer a factor which makes entanglement at a distance such a puzzling case. Similarly, an alteration of time may affect the apparent speed of light, which if viewed linearly through Newtonian and Einsteinian physics only, is not possible.

2. Table of Space-Time Units

Appendix 1 of Paper 1 is reproduced below for the reader's convenience and provides a useful summary of the S-T ratios and products. It summarises that which we know, but perhaps of more value, that which we do not.

Table of Space -Time Units of Measure

Michael J. Bull 2013

            MOTION                                          SPACE EXPANSION                          MATTER

S4/T4 ?	S4/T3 ?	S4/T2 ?	S4/T ?	S4 ?	↑ S4	S4 ?	TS4 gluon	T2S4 photon	T3S4 Z-boson	T4S4 W-boson
S3/T4 ?	S3/T3 mass current GRAVITY	S3/T2 ?	S3/T ?	S3 volume	S3	S3 volume	TS3 top quark	T2S3 bottom quark	T3S3 tau	T4S3 tau neutrino
S2/T4 ?	S2/T3 ?	S2/T2 magnetic current	S2/T ?	S2 area	S2	S2 area	TS2 charm quark	T2S2 strange quark	T3S2 muon	T4S2 muon neutrino
S/T4 ?	S/T3 Δ accel,	S/T2 Δ speed, accel.	S/T speed, elec current	S distance, elec charge capacitance C	S1	S distance, elec charge capacitance C	TS up quark	T2S down quark	T3S electron	T4S electron neutrino
1/T4 ? ←	1/T3 ? contraction	1/T2 ? of time	1/T frequency	S0/T0 = 1 Unity MOTION	S0	T0 S0 = 1 Unity MATTER	T time	T2 ? expansion	T3 ? of time	T4 ? →
← T - 4	T - 3	T - 2	T - 1	T0	O	T0	T1	T2	T3	T4 →
1/T4 ?	1/T3 ?	1/T2 ?	1/T frequency	1/T0 S0 = 1 Unity ANTI-MATTER	S0	T0/S0 = 1 Unity ENERGY	T time	T2 ?	T3 ?	T4 ?
1/T4S anti electron neutrino	1/T3S anti electron (positron)	1/T2S anti down quark	1/TS anti up quark	1/S power	S-1	1/S power	T/S energy electric energy	T2/S inertia	T3/S moment of inertia	T4/S ?
1/T4S2 anti muon neutrino	1/T3S2 anti muon	1/T2S2 anti strange quark	1/TS2 anti charm quark	1/S2 ?	S-2	1/S2 ?	T/S2 force, elect potential V	T2/S2 momentum magnetic energy elec resistivity σ	T3/S2 ?	T4/S2 ?
1/T4S3 anti tau neutrino	1/T3S3 anti tau	1/T2S3 anti bottom quark	1/TS3 anti top quark	1/S3 ?	S-3	1/S3 ?	T/S3 elect field intensity E	T2/S3 elec resis R magnetic potential	T3/S3 MASS energy	T4/S3 ?
1/T4S4 anti W-boson	1/T3S4 anti Z-boson	1/T2S4 anti photon	1/TS4 anti gluon	1/S4 ?	S-4 ↓	1/S4 ?	T/S4 pressure	T2/S4 magnetic intensity H	T3/S4 mag resist μ	T4/S4 ?

             ANTI – MATTER                      SPACE CONTRACTION                        ENERGY

Motion and Energy, Matter and Anti-Matter are mathematically reciprocal and conservative of the energies contained therein. Quantities unknown to science are marked with ?. Space-Time units of measure can be readily verified from SI units of measure. Axes describe expansion and contraction of both Space and Time and the Table shows the results of that relative interaction. The S-T product describes the Standard Model of particle physics which is well understood, while the S-T ratio describes the known quantities of physics. The S-T Table predicts the relationship between ratios and provides a guide as to the relationship of known to unknown energies and motions. The principle of unity is well supported by the mathematics of reciprocity between Motion and Energy, Matter and Anti-Matter.

It should be noted that both axes of the above Table are logarithmic and not linear. The linear view effectively simplifies the visual representation of a complex relationship between space and time, both of which expand and contract.

The ratios of space and time, Motion and Energy, are discussed at length in Paper 1. The products may represent the matter which is tangible, (and in the case of Bosons, the energies which hold it together or acts between it at the quantum level). Matter and Anti-matter are reciprocal, as is the case between Motion and Energy.

The variability of both time and space axes indicate a raising of the index notation or the negative index, or inverse. For example, time, T, can become T^-1 or 1/T which represents frequency. Space, S, can be represented as electric charge and its inverse, S^-1 or 1/S as electric power (in the electrical system, electric charge is a unit of space). Derivation of the above can be read in Appendix 2, Paper1, but put simply SI unit equation P = VI in S-T units is 1/S = T/S² x S/T (= 1/S = power).

The Table shows only quantities to +/- 4^th power of S and T, among which there are ratios for which science has no idea of their meaning, marked ?. Should the Table be extended to +/- 6^th power the products would perhaps also contain matter of which science has no concept, in addition to more unknown ratios. It may be speculated that the proposed Dark Matter exists beyond the 4^th power of S and T, if it exists at all.

3. The First Quadrant - Matter

↑ S4	S4 ?	TS4 gluon	T2S4 photon	T3S4 Z-boson	T4S4 W-boson
S3	S3 volume	TS3 top quark	T2S3 bottom quark	T3S3 tau	T4S3 tau neutrino
S2	S2 area	TS2 charm quark	T2S2 strange quark	T3S2 muon	T4S2 muon neutrino
S1	S distance, electric charge Q capacitance C	TS up quark	T2S down quark	T3S electron	T4S electron neutrino
S0	T0 S0 = 1 Unity MATTER	T time	T2 ? expansion	T3 ? of time	T4 ? →
O	T0	T1	T2	T3	T4 →

The Standard Model of sub particles is above represented in the first quadrant of the foregoing Table. They are products of S and T.

In this quadrant both Space and Time are expanding and the result is the matter with which we are familiar in our currently expanding universe. Baryons such as the proton and neutron are formed from the various sub particles shown above.

It is not known if they also are represented by the S-T products made from the S-T units of their constituents. If it were so, then the baryons would be found at higher indices of S and T.

For example, is a combination of two down quarks and one up quark represented by

T²S . T²S . TS = T⁵S³ ? If it were so, then it follows that two up quarks and one down quark, detailed as T/S.T/S.T²/S = T⁴/S³, which is the formula for the tau neutrino from the above quadrant.

The Standard Model is far from complete and physics beyond it is an area of active research, while knowledge of neutrinos is tentative at best.

4. The Third Quadrant – Anti-Matter

← T - 4	T - 3	T - 2	T - 1	T0	O
1/T4 ?	1/T3 ?	1/T2 ?	1/T frequency	1/T0 S0 = 1 Unity ANTI-MATTER	S0
1/T4S anti electron neutrino	1/T3S anti electron (positron)	1/T2S anti down quark	1/TS anti up quark	1/S power	S-1
1/T4S2 anti muon neutrino	1/T3S2 anti muon	1/T2S2 anti strange quark	1/TS2 anti charm quark	1/S2 ?	S-2
1/T4S3 anti tau neutrino	1/T3S3 anti tau	1/T2S3 anti bottom quark	1/TS3 anti top quark	1/S3 ?	S-3
1/T4S4 anti W- boson	1/T3S4 anti Z- boson	1/T2S4 anti photon (if it exists)	1/TS4 anti gluon (if it exists)	1/S4 ?	S-4 ↓

This third quadrant represents anti-matter arranged in a reciprocal manner to matter's Standard Model in the first quadrant.

In this quadrant both Space and Time are contracting and formulae are still products of space and time, but are reciprocal. They are a mirror image of matter and would perhaps be the dominant form of matter in a contracting universe.

5. The Second Quadrant – Energies

O	T0	T1	T2	T3	T4 →
S0	T0/S0 = 1 Unity ENERGY	T time	T2 ?	T3 ?	T4 ?
S-1	1/S power	T/S potential energy electric energy	T2/S inertia	T3/S moment of inertia	T4/S ?
S-2	1/S2 ?	T/S2 force, electric potential V	T2/S2 momentum magnetic energy electric resistivity σ	T3/S2 ?	T4/S2 ?
S-3	1/S3 ?	T/S3 elect field intensity E	T2/S3 electric resistance R magnetic potential	T3/S3 MASS energy	T4/S3 ?
S-4 ↓	1/S4 ?	T/S4 pressure	T2/S4 magnetic intensity H	T3/S4 magnetic resistance μ	T4/S4 ?

This second quadrant is a ratio between S and T. While S is contracting, T is expanding. This ratio represents the physical properties sometimes called the energies.

The S-T units for these quantities can be simply and consistently derived from SI units of measure, as shown in Paper 1. Also indicated by those mathematics is that S-T units are more fundamental than SI units. An error in current physics concerning the SI unit, Q, or electric charge, is made clear by using S-T units. (Detailed in Appendix 2 of Paper 1.)

The energies cover the mechanical, electrical, magnetic and mass energies. Energies beyond these are as yet undiscovered in science. An example is T⁴/S⁴, and also higher power indices than the 4^th.

6. The Fourth Quadrant – Motion

S4/T4 ?	S4/T3 ?	S4/T2 ?	S4/T ?	S4 ?	↑ S4
S3/T4 ?	S3/T3 mass current (G-field) GRAVITY	S3/T2 ?	S3/T ?	S3 volume	S3
S2/T4 ?	S2/T3 ?	S2/T2 magnetic current (B-field)	S2/T ?	S2 area	S2
S/T4 ?	S/T3 change of acceleration	S/T2 change of speed, (acceleration)	S/T speed (kinetic energy) electric current (E-field)	S length electric charge Q capacitance C	S1
1/T4 ? ←	1/T3 ? contraction	1/T2 ? of time	1/T frequency	S0/T0 = 1 Unity MOTION	S0
← T - 4	T - 3	T - 2	T - 1	T0	O

The fourth quadrant has expanding Space and contracting Time, and this ratio represents the Motions. These are reciprocal to the Energies and are interdependent.

For example in the mechanical system, potential energy T/S is reduced as it is converted to motion (kinetic energy S/T). The equivalent applies to the electric, magnetic and mass systems. Motion is associated with fields (caused by motion of current) in the mass-magnetic-electric systems.

These quantities can be derived directly from SI units, confirming the reciprocity between the Energies and the Motions. That relationship is not obvious when using SI units, but is crystal clear when S-T units are used.

Summary

The four quadrants of the Table, detailed separately above, make it clear that when both Space and Time can vary either in contraction or expansion separately, there becomes apparent an ordered pattern of results covering most of the known physical universe. It unifies the different physics which have evolved across the centuries to elevate science to today's level of knowledge, and can accommodate new physics yet to be dreamed of or just too difficult at today's level of understanding. Phenomena such as thought and consciousness are likely to also be a product or ratio of Space and Time.

The complete S-T Table identifies, particularly in the ratios, the gaps in our knowledge. This S-T Table provides that information in a similar fashion to the way the Periodic Table did for Chemistry.

7. Vortices

There is nothing, to this author's knowledge, which proves that space contraction does not occur in an expanding universe, or vice versa.

The previously mentioned natural phenomenon called a vortex is the most obvious observable example. In that vicinity space is contracting, creating an increase in the energies within it, including mechanical energy, electric energy, magnetic energy, mass energy and others within the energy quadrant. When space contracts, the energies, which have S as ratio denominator, increase. The corollary to this, increasing T, while S remains constant or decreases, mathematically amounts to the same thing, and the effect was proven in the case of mass energy by Experiment 2 documented in Paper 1.

These pockets of space contraction surrounded by space expansion are in fact the galaxies, the observable ones number in the billions. A vortex could be described as a non linear implosion.

It may be speculated that anti-matter is more likely to be found in the regions close to the centre of the galactic vortex where space is contracting, if time also contracted there for some reason. That reason may be an excess of motion above its reciprocal energy, which may be possible in a strong vortex where space is contracting. Motion has time as its denominator (S/T) which in the case of the motion quadrant, is a negative index or contraction for time.

It is unknown if there is a quantum of contraction or expansion for time and space. A tornado is an example of a vortex with extreme motion, some four times that of the motion of a hurricane over a much smaller space volume, and therefore more intense in its destructive power.

The space-time interpretation makes observational and mathematical sense of vortices and their effects.

8. Warping of Space-Time

When a large mass is aligned with light from a more distant source, the light ray is apparently bent by the gravitation associated with that mass. It is known as gravitational lensing, or a warping of space-time which causes the light to bend. The affected volume of space-time undergoes a stress from the gravity field, which then requires the otherwise straight light ray to follow its induced curvature and is readily observable. The stronger the G field the greater the curvature.

There is a widely held misconception that the gravity field is the same thing as the acceleration of mass caused by gravity. Space-Time units highlight the distinction between G and g. The S-T unit for the G field is S³/T³, which is reciprocal to mass T³/S³ and is a Motion, while acceleration g has the S-T unit S/T². Acceleration is reciprocal to Inertia, T²/S. (Refer Paper 1 for mathematical derivation of both.)

If the speculative assumption is accepted that unstressed space-time is a ratio of volume and time, S³/T, and that the interaction of a photon (which is a boson), T²S⁴, passing through space-time and interacting with it, then the result of that interaction (ratio) is T²S⁴ / S³/T → T³S which is an electron. (Analogous behaviour is observed in the photoelectric effect, where a photon is converted to electric energy, T/S, using only particular types of materials as medium and catalyst.)

To apply the same assumption to a photon passing through space-time stressed by a G field the algebra looks like this : (T²S⁴ / S³/T) x S³/T³ → S⁴ which is the S-T unit for volume of space, S³, multiplied by S, length. This has no SI unit, but could represent warped space.

It is not clear what the significance of the 'electron' result is, but what is clear is that the two speculative scenarios generate different results, which accords with observation.

9. Energy and Motion

The quadrants representing Matter and Anti-Matter in the above diagrams are largely speculative, however the quadrants of Energies and Motions are not. These ratios are verifiable with the normally used SI units (the MKS system). What these quadrants make clear are the deficiencies in SI units as there are numerous S-T units in both quadrants with no SI equivalent.

Not only is that the case, but the science built around SI units does not yet accept, for example, that mass is an energy and is not the same as the matter which carries it, and that gravity is its reciprocal motion. SI units do not provide a meaningful unit of inertia and ignore its relationship to acceleration. (See Paper 1 for the relationship between these two quantities and their relevance to the equivalence principle.) The S-T unit for inertia and moment of inertia have been included here based on the mathematics outlined in Paper 1 and the equivalent SI unit for inertia should be kg/N. Acceleration has the SI unit N/kg in addition to m/s². Both acceleration SI units yield the same S-T unit, S/T².

There are 8 unknown ratios in the energies and 13 unknown ratios in the motions quadrants within the areas of the 4^th power indices. All beyond the 4^th power indices are unknown.

There is in space an observable energy (or perhaps a motion) which has tentatively been assigned a name, Hawking Radiation, but not a unit of measure. It is that which appears from a black hole and is aligned in an axis-like manner to the black hole and does emit some electro-magnetic radiation, which is why it is observable. There is as yet only speculation as to what it is although observation makes its source clear. One candidate, as an example, may be the motion reciprocal to the energy called force (or voltage in the electrical system both of which have the S-T unit T/S²). That unknown reciprocal motion would have the unit S²/T, but has no SI equivalent discovered to date. If, for example, S²/T is dissected into its multiples, S x S/T, its SI interpretation could be length x velocity, or, S² x 1/T area x frequency. The SI unit interpretations are not helpful in describing S²/T and new thinking is needed. A case of S-T units predicting unknown energies and motions.

10. Conclusions

This brief analysis of the Energies and Motions makes clear how much is unknown just in those areas. It does expand the vision when it is considered that there are many energies and motions yet to be discovered and studied. Limits imposed by SI units upon new thought need to be lifted before progress in physics can expand into new areas, in particular in the cosmos.

Space-Time units provide the skeleton upon which new knowledge may be built because they do supply a framework where the unknown can be placed. There is much research work to be done to find a way to understand unknown energies, motions, matter and anti-matter. The search for Dark Energy and Dark Matter is perhaps a case of searching for new phenomena using old knowledge and may require a different approach from those currently employed. Space-Time notation may be a lead in to new patterns of thought and research.

It is better to know what it is we don't know than it is not to know what we don't know.