Measure as a
Function of Space-Time
(From work originally by D.B.Larsen, extended by M.J.Bull)
In the 4th
dimension there are considered by modern science to be 3 spatial and
1 time freedoms. Scalar motion
requires an interaction of space(s) and time(t), ( for example, speed
= distance / time). Space, as far as we know at present, has three
freedoms, which are length, width and depth. There
are therefore three scalar representations of motion: s1t,
s2t
and
s3t,
where s1
, s2
, s3
represent the three spatial freedoms, length, width, depth. These
's'
freedoms are not the same as vectors or vector sums which are one
dimensional expressions which require a frame of reference to have
meaning. In
conventional scientific notation, any motions which exist in the
other two freedoms cannot be represented, leading to a lack of
understanding of what represents mass and gravity.
Units of measure represented by space and time only are the most
fundamental, and, as Max Planck proposed, can substitute for any
other units we may have invented. Space-time units illuminate the
nature of some phenomena which are poorly understood in modern
science. The following is a summary of units of gravitation, mass,
mechanical, electrical and magnetic quantities by their space-time
units of measure. What is new, and illuminated by this analysis, is
that Mass is in fact a motion, an interaction between space
simultaneously in 3 freedoms, and time. Mass is reciprocal to
gravity, which is similarly a motion in 3 freedoms of space with
time. This view confirms prior reseach by M.J.Bull which has found
that the relationship of acceleration to inertia is reciprocal,
confirming scientific experiment over more than 4 centuries which has
not been able to disprove the fact that different masses accelerate
at the same rate in the same acceleration (gravity) field, otherwise
known as the Equivalence Principle.
GRAVITATIONAL
Gravitational
motion (a 3 freedom negative speed, s/t x s/t x s/t)
s3
/ t3
Mass
(resistance of gravitational motion to applied positive motion)
t3
/ s3
MECHANICAL
Speed
(distance [1
freedom of space]
divided by time)
[speed is not vectorial] s
/ t
Momentum
( mass x speed, t3/s3
x s/t = t2/s2
) a 2 freedom quantity t2
/ s2
Energy
( ½
mv2,
mass
x speed x speed, t3/s3
x s/t x s/t = t/s ) t
/ s
Acceleration
( speed divided by time, s/t x 1/t = s/t2
)
s / t2
Force
( mass x acceleration, t3/s3
x s/t2
= t/s2
) t
/ s2
Pressure
( force divided by area, t/s2
x 1/s2
= t/s4
) t
/ s4
ELECTRICAL
Electrical
Energy (watt.hours) [EMF]
t
/ s
Power
(watt) ( energy / time, t/s x 1/t = 1/s) [a unit of space and not
time] 1
/ s
Voltage
(volt) ( electrical force ) [ equivalent to force]
t
/ s2
Current
(amp) ( electric velocity ) [equivalent to speed]
s
/ t
Electrical
Quantity (coulomb) ( current x time, s/t x t = s ) [unit of space]
s
Resistance
(ohm) (voltage/current t/s2
x t/s = t2/s3)[no
mechnical equivalent] t2
/ s3
MAGNETIC
[Magnetism is a 2 freedom analogue of Electricity]
Magnetic
Potential (magnetic potential = force x 1 freedom t/s2
x t/s = t2/s3)
t2
/ s3
Magnetic
Field Intensity (t2/s3
x 1/s)
t2
/ s4
Magnetic
Permeability (μ)
t3
/ s4
From the foregoing space-time units, originally
proposed by D.B.Larsen, some deductions may be made regarding their
interaction.
1.
Energy x Momentum ( t/s x t2/s2
= t3/s3
) equates to the unit of Mass
2.Electrical
charge x Magnetic charge ( t/s x t2/s2
= t3/s3
) equates to the unit of Mass
3.Gravitational
motion ( s3/t3
) is the reciprocal unit of Mass ( t3/s3
)
4.
Energy ( t/s ) is the reciprocal unit of speed ( s/t )
5.
Acceleration can be expressed in N/kg ( t/s2
x s3/t3
= s/t2)
or Force x Gravity, or Force / Mass.
6.
Inertia (kg/N) (t3/s3
x s2/t
= t2/s)
is a reciprocal of Acceleration (N/kg) (t/s2
x s3/t3
= s/t2).
7.
The Equivalence Principle can be stated in space-time units as t2/s
x s/t2
= 1, or algebraically
a ί
= 1.
8.
Momentum (t2/s2)
is equivalent to Magnetic Charge (MMF) (t2/s2).
(Magnetic charge, unlike
electric charge, is
not considered to have a particle which is representative of this
quantity,
however its
existence is analogous to momentum in the mechanical equivalent
system.)
9.
The space-time unit illuminates the relationship between electricity
and magnetism, explaining
why the two are
co-existent and inter-changeable, both together making a t3/s3
whole. It leads to
speculation as to its
equivalent in the reciprocal unit s3/t3,
gravity. What is s2/t2, with its
complement s/t which is
current or speed ? S2/t2 is the reciprocal of
MMF in the magnetic or
momentum in the
mechanical system. It could be seen as speed (or current) in two
freedoms.
Not sure what that
means in terms of an observable phenomenum.
10.Space-time
units settle another debate, in that force and potential are the same
quantity with
the same units,
i.e. t/s2
is the same for both mechanical force and electric potential or
voltage.
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